The Economics of the Sabbath

Uur paper is inspired by the observation that - contrary to the US-experience - in many European countries working time schedules for different groups of workers are strictly regulated for the purpose of protecting "common leisure time" (like holidays sundays, recreation periods during the night and so on...). As a first step towards a more general analysis, a simple model analyzing the pattern of working time and leisure for two types of workers is developed. The basic assumptions are: productivity in general differs between periods where both are at work simultaneously ("common working time") and periods where only one is at work "private working time"). Moreover, utility of "common" (= overlapping) leisure time differs from utility of "private" leisure. The findings show that from a welfare point of view people work too long and get a shortage of common leisure whenever productivity during common working time is lower than outside common working time for any single individual. If the reverse holds, workers will end up with too short a working day and a lack of private leisure. The long-run development of the productivity gap is given a tentative historical interpretation.Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Serie

Layering of stomach contents in drowning cases in post-mortem computed tomography compared to forensic autopsy.

BACKGROUND In forensic autopsy, the analysis of stomach contents is important when investigating drowning cases. Three-layering of stomach contents may be interpreted as a diagnostic hint to drowning due to swallowing of larger amounts of water or other drowning media. The authors experienced frequent discrepancies of numbers of stomach content layering in drowning cases between post-mortem computed tomography (PMCT) and autopsy in forensic casework. Therefore, the goal of this study was to compare layering of stomach contents in drowning cases between PMCT and forensic autopsy. METHODS Drowning cases (n = 55; 40 male, 15 female, mean age 45.3 years; mean amount of stomach content 223 ml) that received PMCT prior to forensic autopsy were retrospectively analyzed by a forensic pathologist and a radiologist. Number of layers of stomach content in PMCT were compared to number of layers at forensic autopsy. RESULTS In 28 of the 55 evaluated drowning cases, a discrepancy between layering of stomach contents at autopsy compared to PMCT was observed: 1 layer at autopsy (n = 28): 50% discrepancy to PMCT, 2 layers (n = 20): 45% discrepancy, and 3 layers (n = 7): 71.4% discrepancy. Sensitivity of correctly determining layering (as observed at forensic autopsy) in PMCT was 52% (positive predictive value 44.8%). Specificity was 46.6% (negative predictive value 53.8%). In a control group (n = 35) of non-drowning cases, three-layering of stomach contents was not observed. CONCLUSION Discrepancies of observed numbers of stomach content layers between PMCT and forensic autopsy are a frequent finding possibly due to stomach content sampling technique at autopsy and movement of the corpse prior to PMCT and autopsy. Three-layering in PMCT, if indeed present, may be interpreted as a hint to drowning

Perinatal mental health care from the user and provider perspective: protocol for a qualitative study in Switzerland

Background: Mental disorders in the perinatal period (PMD) can severely harm women and their children if not detected early and treated appropriately. Even though mental health care is covered by health insurance and is used widely by women in the perinatal period in Switzerland, it is not known if the care provided is meeting the needs of the patients and is efficient in the view of health care professionals. The aim of this study is to identify strengths, gaps and requirements for adequate mental health care in the perinatal period from the perspectives of patients and care providers for a wide range of relevant mental disorders. Methods: In the qualitative study we conduct (1) semi-structured single interviews with former PMD patients to obtain narratives about their experiences and needs for health care for their condition. Women are included who have been treated for PMD but are mentally stable at the time of the interview (n = 24). We will stratify the sample by 4 clusters of relevant ICD-10 F-diagnoses, covering the most frequent and the most severe mental disorders. We will further stratify the sample based on whether the women already had experience with psychiatric or psychological health care or not before their last episode of PMD. We will also conduct (2) three interprofessional focus groups with health and social care professionals involved in perinatal care, and a health insurance representative. The focus groups will consist of 5–8 professionals. Data collection and thematic analysis will consider Levesque’s et al. (2013) conceptual model on access to health care. Discussion: The study will provide fundamental data on the experiences and perspectives about perinatal mental health care from user and provider perspectives. The study will generate the evidence base needed to develop models of integrated, coordinated, patient- and family-centred care that is accessed by women with various types of PMD. Trial registration: The study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov in November 2019 under the identifier NCT04185896

Slowakei: Neuanfang mit Unbekannten; Nach Abwahl der Sozialdemokraten übernimmt in Bratislava eine heterogene Regierungskoalition

In der Slowakei haben die Parlamentswahlen vom 29. Februar einen Machtwechsel eingeläutet. Die von der sozialdemokratischen Smer-SD geführte Regierungskoalition wurde abgewählt, die Antikorruptionsbewegung OĽaNO obsiegte. Deren Vorsitzender Igor Matovič, der künftige Ministerpräsident, hat nach kurzen Verhandlungen eine Mitte-rechts-Koalition aus vier Parteien geformt. Übergeordnetes Ziel der neuen Regie­rung, die noch im März antritt, soll der Kampf gegen Korruption, intransparente Finanzinteressen und den Einfluss von Oligarchen sein. Angesichts der Verbreitung des Corona-Virus werden jedoch auf absehbare Zeit gesundheitliches und wirtschaftliches Krisenmanagement im Vordergrund stehen. An der europafreundlichen Grund­haltung der Slowakei dürfte sich wenig ändern, ebenso an ihrer Kooperation mit Polen, Tschechien und Ungarn in der Visegrád-Gruppe. (Autorenreferat

Unsupervised hyperspectral data mining and bioimaging by information entropy and self-modeling curve resolution

Unsupervised estimation of the dimensionality of hyperspectral microspectroscopy datasets containing pure and mixed spectral features, and extraction of their representative endmember spectra, remains a challenge in biochemical data mining. We report a new versatile algorithm building on semi-nonnegativity constrained self-modeling curve resolution and information entropy, to estimate the quantity of separable biochemical species from hyperspectral microspectroscopy, and extraction of their representative spectra. The algorithm is benchmarked with established methods from satellite remote sensing, spectral unmixing, and clustering. To demonstrate the widespread applicability of the developed algorithm, we collected hyperspectral datasets using spontaneous Raman, Coherent Anti-stokes Raman Scattering and Fourier Transform IR, of seven reference compounds, an oil-in-water emulsion, and tissue-engineered extracellular matrices on poly-L-lactic acid and porcine jejunum-derived small intestine submucosa scaffolds seeded with bovine chondrocytes. We show the potential of the developed algorithm by consolidating hyperspectral molecular information with sample microstructure, pertinent to fields ranging from gastrophysics to regenerative medicine

SEM Investigation about Hyphal Relationships between Some Antagonistic Fungi against «Fusarium» spp. Foot Rot Pathogen of Wheat

Wheat foot rot caused by Fusarium species is a worldwide wheat disease against which the use of biocontrol agents is of increasing interest. Mycoparasitic activities of a strain of five antagonistic fungi, Gliocladium roseum (GR11), Penicillium frequentans (PF), Trichoderma atroviride (TA312), T. longibrachiatum (TL9) and T. harzianum (TH144), against three pathogens, Fusarium culmorum, F. graminearum and F. nivale, were studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). SEM observations suggested that the outcome of interaction between antagonist and pathogen occurred when intimate contact was established between hyphae triggering a series of events in pathogen degradation. The interaction between Trichoderma spp. and Fusarium spp. revealed that the mycoparasitic hyphae were usually attached longitudinally to the hyphae of the pathogens; hyphal coilings, hooks, pincer-shaped structures, short contact branches and hyphal depressions were also present. GR11 and PF hyphae grew mainly parallel to the pathogen causing its hyphal depression. The parasitic action of the antagonists shown with the formation of pincers, hooks and other structures leading to cell disruption, goes some way towards explaining their mode of action in the biological control of the pathogens studied

Erste Ergebnisse aus IGLU: Schülerleistungen am Ende der vierten Jahrgangsstufe im internationalen Vergleich

'Auch wenn deutsche Grundschülerinnen und -schüler im internationalen Vergleich besser abschneiden als unsere 15-jährigen Schülerinnen und Schüler, bleibt die Qualifizierung der vorschulischen Bildung und der Grundschularbeit - insbesondere auch mit dem Ziel des Ausgleichs sozialer Disparitäten - eine bildungspolitische Aufgabe von zentraler Bedeutung. Die Grundschule als diejenige Einrichtung, die als einzige für die Förderung aller Schülerinnen und Schüler unabhängig von sozialer Herkunft und Vorleistungen zuständig ist, hat eine Funktion, die gerade im Rahmen der derzeitigen Gesamtarchitektur des deutschen Schulsystems von herausragender Bedeutung ist. Was auf der Ebene der Grundschule nicht gelingt, lässt sich offenbar - dies zeigen die PISA-Befunde - auf der Ebene der Sekundarstufe I nicht mehr kompensieren. Vielmehr ist nach den PISA-Befunden davon auszugehen, dass sich die auf der Ebene der Grundschule nicht befriedigend gelösten Probleme auf der Ebene der Sekundarstufe I weiter verschärfen. Das auf der Ebene der Grundschule erreichte Leistungsniveau hat wesentlichen Einfluss auf den weiteren Verlauf von Bildungskarrieren. Insbesondere Schülerinnen und Schüler, die im Rahmen von IGLU zur unteren Leistungsgruppe gehören, werden den Anschluss an das Lernen der Sekundarstufe I nur mit Mühe finden und mit hoher Wahrscheinlichkeit auch gegen Ende ihrer Pflichtschulzeit zur 'Risikogruppe' zählen.' (Textauszug

Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields Cause Non-Temperature-Induced Physical and Biological Effects in Cancer Cells

Non-temperature-induced effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF) have been controversial for decades. Here, we established measurement techniques to prove their existence by investigating energy deposition in tumor cells under RF exposure and upon adding amplitude modulation (AM) (AMRF). Using a preclinical device LabEHY-200 with a novel in vitro applicator, we analyzed the power deposition and system parameters for five human colorectal cancer cell lines and measured the apoptosis rates in vitro and tumor growth inhibition in vivo in comparison to water bath heating. We showed enhanced anticancer effects of RF and AMRF in vitro and in vivo and verified the non-temperature-induced origin of the effects. Furthermore, apoptotic enhancement by AM was correlated with cell membrane stiffness. Our findings not only provide a strategy to significantly enhance non-temperature-induced anticancer cell effects in vitro and in vivo but also provide a perspective for a potentially more effective tumor therapy

Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields Cause Non-Temperature-Induced Physical and Biological Effects in Cancer Cells

Non-temperature-induced effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF) have been controversial for decades. Here, we established measurement techniques to prove their existence by investigating energy deposition in tumor cells under RF exposure and upon adding amplitude modulation (AM) (AMRF). Using a preclinical device LabEHY-200 with a novel in vitro applicator, we analyzed the power deposition and system parameters for five human colorectal cancer cell lines and measured the apoptosis rates in vitro and tumor growth inhibition in vivo in comparison to water bath heating. We showed enhanced anticancer effects of RF and AMRF in vitro and in vivo and verified the non-temperature-induced origin of the effects. Furthermore, apoptotic enhancement by AM was correlated with cell membrane stiffness. Our findings not only provide a strategy to significantly enhance non-temperature-induced anticancer cell effects in vitro and in vivo but also provide a perspective for a potentially more effective tumor therapy