Production of natural colorants by liquid fermentation with Chlorociboria aeruginascens and Laetiporus sulphureus and prospective applications

The replacement of potentially hazardous synthetic dyes with natural dyes and pigments are of great interest for a sustainable economy. In order to obtain cost-efficient, environmentally friendly and competitive products, improvements in the cultivation and extraction of pigment-producing organisms and in dyeing processes are necessary. In our study, we were able to scale up the production of xylindein by Chlorociboria aeruginascens from 3 to 70 L bioreactor cultivations. We have identified important bioprocess parameters like low shear stress (150 rpm, tip speed <0.5 m/s) for optimal pigment yield (4.8 mg/L/d). Additionally, we have demonstrated the potential of laetiporic acid production by Laetiporus sulphureus in various cultivation systems and media, achieving dried biomass concentrations of almost 10 g/L with a 7 L bioreactor cultivation after 17 days. Extractions performed at 70°C and 15 min incubation time showed optimal results. To the best of our knowledge, we have described for the first time the use of this pigment in silk dyeing, which results in a brilliant hue that cannot easily be produced by other natural pigments. © 2020 The Authors. Engineering in Life Sciences published by Wiley-VCH Gmb

Auswertung Niedrigwasser 2018, 2019 und 2020 – Spree, Schwarze Elster und Lausitzer Neiße: Länderübergreifende Auswertung des Niedrigwassers 2018, 2019 und 2020 in den Flussgebieten Spree, Schwarze Elster und Lausitzer Neiße

Der Bericht beinhaltet eine länderübergreifende Auswertung der Niedrigwassersituation 2018 – 2020 in den vom Braunkohlenbergbau beeinflussten Einzugsgebieten der Spree, Schwarzen Elster und Lausitzer Neiße. Die Trockenheit zeigte sich 2018 in allen Bereichen besonders deutlich, während die Durchflüsse im Jahr 2019 sogar noch weiter zurückgingen. In dieser extremen Niedrigwassersituation hat es sich bewährt, eine konkrete Wasserbewirtschaftung nach Menge und Güte in den vom Braunkohlenbergbau beeinflussten Einzugsgebieten der Spree, Schwarzen Elster und Lausitzer Neiße länderübergreifend abzustimmen. Die getroffenen Maßnahmen in den Flussgebieten wurden evaluiert und sind in diesem Bericht für interessiertes Fachpublikum festgehalten. Redaktionsschluss: 24.02.202

Influence of the Nutrients on the Biomass and Pigment Production of <i>Chlorociboria aeruginascens</i>

The blue-green pigment xylindein, produced by the soft rot fungus Chlorociboria aeruginascens, is of considerable interest for various applications such as the veneer industry or organic semiconductors. The studies presented were performed in order to understand the fungal growth as well as the pigment production of C. aeruginascens. Therefore, various nutrient compositions were investigated. As a result, observations of the formation of xylindein through C. aeruginascens decoupling from growth were made. In the primary metabolism the uncolored biomass is formed. Various carbohydrates were determined as nutrients for the fungus and as a nitrogen source it was observed that the fungus prefers the complex organic nitrogen source, that being yeast extract. Furthermore, it was discovered that the ratio between carbohydrate and nitrogen sources encourages the switch of the metabolism and therewith the production of the blue-green pigment xylindein

Influence of Environmental Growth Factors on the Biomass and Pigment Production of Chlorociboria aeruginascens

The soft rot fungus Chlorociboria aeruginascens produces a blue&ndash;green pigment xylindein, which is of considerable interest for various applications such as in the veneer industry or in organic semiconductors. To understand the fungal growth as well as pigment production of C. aeruginascens, several studies were performed, the results of which are presented here. These studies investigated various growth conditions such as temperature, pH value, oxygen level and light intensity. It was observed that the formation of xylindein by C. aeruginascens decoupled from growth. In the primary metabolismus, the uncolored biomass is formed. Pigment production took place within the secondary metabolism, while biomass growth as well as pigment production depended on various growth conditions. It was also found that certain conditions encourage the switch in metabolism, leading to pigment production

Auswertung Niedrigwasser 2018, 2019 und 2020 – Spree, Schwarze Elster und Lausitzer Neiße: Länderübergreifende Auswertung des Niedrigwassers 2018, 2019 und 2020 in den Flussgebieten Spree, Schwarze Elster und Lausitzer Neiße

Der Bericht beinhaltet eine länderübergreifende Auswertung der Niedrigwassersituation 2018 – 2020 in den vom Braunkohlenbergbau beeinflussten Einzugsgebieten der Spree, Schwarzen Elster und Lausitzer Neiße. Die Trockenheit zeigte sich 2018 in allen Bereichen besonders deutlich, während die Durchflüsse im Jahr 2019 sogar noch weiter zurückgingen. In dieser extremen Niedrigwassersituation hat es sich bewährt, eine konkrete Wasserbewirtschaftung nach Menge und Güte in den vom Braunkohlenbergbau beeinflussten Einzugsgebieten der Spree, Schwarzen Elster und Lausitzer Neiße länderübergreifend abzustimmen. Die getroffenen Maßnahmen in den Flussgebieten wurden evaluiert und sind in diesem Bericht für interessiertes Fachpublikum festgehalten. Redaktionsschluss: 24.02.202

Auswertung Niedrigwasser 2018, 2019 und 2020 – Spree, Schwarze Elster und Lausitzer Neiße: Länderübergreifende Auswertung des Niedrigwassers 2018, 2019 und 2020 in den Flussgebieten Spree, Schwarze Elster und Lausitzer Neiße

Der Bericht beinhaltet eine länderübergreifende Auswertung der Niedrigwassersituation 2018 – 2020 in den vom Braunkohlenbergbau beeinflussten Einzugsgebieten der Spree, Schwarzen Elster und Lausitzer Neiße. Die Trockenheit zeigte sich 2018 in allen Bereichen besonders deutlich, während die Durchflüsse im Jahr 2019 sogar noch weiter zurückgingen. In dieser extremen Niedrigwassersituation hat es sich bewährt, eine konkrete Wasserbewirtschaftung nach Menge und Güte in den vom Braunkohlenbergbau beeinflussten Einzugsgebieten der Spree, Schwarzen Elster und Lausitzer Neiße länderübergreifend abzustimmen. Die getroffenen Maßnahmen in den Flussgebieten wurden evaluiert und sind in diesem Bericht für interessiertes Fachpublikum festgehalten. Redaktionsschluss: 24.02.202

ELAC2 Mutations Cause a Mitochondrial RNA Processing Defect Associated with Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy

The human mitochondrial genome encodes RNA components of its own translational machinery to produce the 13 mitochondrial-encoded subunits of the respiratory chain. Nuclear-encoded gene products are essential for all processes within the organelle, including RNA processing. Transcription of the mitochondrial genome generates large polycistronic transcripts punctuated by the 22 mitochondrial (mt) tRNAs that are conventionally cleaved by the RNase P-complex and the RNase Z activity of ELAC2 at 5′ and 3′ ends, respectively. We report the identification of mutations in ELAC2 in five individuals with infantile hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and complex I deficiency. We observed accumulated mtRNA precursors in affected individuals muscle and fibroblasts. Although mature mt-tRNA, mt-mRNA, and mt-rRNA levels were not decreased in fibroblasts, the processing defect was associated with impaired mitochondrial translation. Complementation experiments in mutant cell lines restored RNA processing and a yeast model provided additional evidence for the disease-causal role of defective ELAC2, thereby linking mtRNA processing to human disease

MTO1 mutations are associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and lactic acidosis and cause respiratory chain deficiency in humans and yeast.

We report three families presenting with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and multiple defects of mitochondrial respiratory chain (MRC) activities. By direct sequencing of the candidate gene MTO1, encoding the mitochondrial-tRNA modifier 1, or whole exome sequencing analysis, we identified novel missense mutations. All MTO1 mutations were predicted to be deleterious on MTO1 function. Their pathogenic role was experimentally validated in a recombinant yeast model, by assessing oxidative growth, respiratory activity, mitochondrial protein synthesis, and complex IV activity. In one case, we also demonstrated that expression of wt MTO1 could rescue the respiratory defect in mutant fibroblasts. The severity of the yeast respiratory phenotypes partly correlated with the different clinical presentations observed in MTO1 mutant patients, although the clinical outcome was highly variable in patients with the same mutation and seemed also to depend on timely start of pharmacological treatment, centered on the control of lactic acidosis by dichloroacetate. Our results indicate that MTO1 mutations are commonly associated with a presentation of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, lactic acidosis, and MRC deficiency, and that ad hoc recombinant yeast models represent a useful system to test the pathogenic potential of uncommon variants, and provide insight into their effects on the expression of a biochemical phenotype