Respeaking - Intralinguales Simultandolmetschen für die Untertitelung

Respeaking ist ein relativ neues Gebiet in der Translationswissenschaft und ist als Forschungsgegenstand für die vorliegende Masterarbeit interessant, weil es in Österreich noch nicht näher untersucht worden ist. Das Respeaking hat über die letzten Jahre einen großen Aufschwung, durch die strengeren Bestimmungen bezüglich der Barrierefreiheit, erfahren. Es hat sich als eine verwandte Tätigkeit des Simultandolmetschens herauskristallisiert und ist folglich vor allem für das Fachgebiet Dolmetschen von Bedeutung. Der Beruf steckt noch in den Kinderschuhen und es ist noch viel Aufklärungsarbeit notwendig, um diese Arbeit als mögliches, zukünftiges Berufsfeld für DolmetscherInnen zu erschließen. Das Ziel der vorliegenden Masterarbeit ist es, einen Überblick des Respeakings zu geben. Die Geschichte und die Arten der Live-Untertitelung werden ebenso beleuchtet, wie die rechtliche und bedarfs-orientierte Situation der Gehörlosen. In Bezug auf die Tätigkeit wird das Respeaking definiert und die erforderlichen Kompetenzen sowie die Ausbildung dargestellt. Der ORF ist sowohl für die Erstellung als auch für die Übertragung der Untertitel verantwortlich und wird deshalb in einem eigenen Kapitel präsentiert. An der durchgeführten, qualitativen Interviewstudie zum Thema „Respeaking in Österreich“ haben acht RedakteurInnen des ORF teilgenommen. Es sollte herausgefunden werden, welche Vor- und Ausbildung sie haben, mit welchen Problemen sie beim Einsatz konfrontiert sind und wie ihrer Meinung nach die Zukunft der Disziplin aussieht. Die zahlreichen Informationen aus den Interviews geben Aufschluss darüber, dass es keine gezielte Ausbildung für das Respeaking gibt und dass mittlerweile eine Vorbildung mit Multitasking oder Simultankomponente gefragt ist. Probleme mit der nicht ausgereiften Technik und Fehler in der Aussprache, aufgrund von Müdigkeit oder Emotionalität, treten teilweise während des Einsatzes auf. Die Zukunft sieht der Großteil der TeilnehmerInnen als aufstrebend, aber ein verbessertes Spracherkennungsprogramm und eine adäquate, räumliche Ausstattung werden als Voraussetzungen dafür genannt. Daher kann festgehalten werden, dass es in Österreich an einer Ausbildung mangelt, die laut Literatur in einigen, anderen europäischen Ländern bereits vorhanden ist. Darüber hinaus weichen die Erkenntnisse der Literatur und die Antworten der InterviewteilnehmerInnen nicht (sehr) weit voneinander ab.Respeaking is a relatively new field in translations studies and it is interesting as the topic of research for the present Master thesis, because it hasn’t been investigated in Austria yet. Respeaking has risen for the last few years due to tighter regulations regarding accessibility to the media. It has emerged as a discipline closely related to simultaneous interpreting. Consequently it is significant for the field of interpreting. The profession is developing constantly, but a lot of efforts will be needed to throw light on this future job and the possible new occupational field for interpreters. The present Master thesis aims at giving an overview of the topic of respeaking. The history and different types of live-subtitling are discussed as well as the rights and needs of deaf and hard-of-hearing people. Regarding the activity, respeaking is defined and the competences and education of the respeakers are illustrated. The ORF, which is the producer of the subtitles and the transmission medium, is presented in one of the chapters of this paper. Eight employees of the subtitling department took part in the qualitative interview study, which was carried out in order to collect information about their daily work. It should show, which educational background they have and if they had a special education before they started to respeak. They were asked as well, which are their main problems and challenges during the live-activity and how they think about the future of the new discipline. The gathered information indicates that a targeted education doesn’t exist in Austria, but the knowledge and handling of the multitasking and simultaneous element is requested. Some problems are caused because the technology is not upgraded to the latest state-of-the-art. Furthermore the programme can’t deal with fatigue and emotional outbursts of the speaking individuals. Most of the interviewed respeakers suppose that it will be a job in the future provided that adequate facilities and equipment are available. Thus, it can be assessed that there is a lack of special education in Austria, which is related to literature, offered in some other European countries. Beyond that the results of literature and the answers of the participants don’t differ much

Schützen Statine vor Schlaganfall und Alzheimer? : neue Therapiemöglichkeiten im Zentralnervensystem

Statine stellen heute Medikamente der ersten Wahl bei zu hohen Cholesterin- Blutwerten dar. Denn sie hemmen die Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reduktase (HMG-CoA Reduktase), ein wichtiges Schlüsselenzym, das für die körpereigene Herstellung von Cholesterin notwendig ist. Bei der pharmakologischen Bewertung der Statine muss allerdings auch der Cholesterinstoffwechsel im Gehirn berücksichtigt werden, dem cholesterinreichsten Organ des menschlichen Körpers. Bislang existieren nur wenige Daten zu den Effekten dieser Medikamente im zentralen Nervensystem. Im Rahmen eines Leitprojekts des Zentrums für Arzneimittelforschung, -Entwicklung und Sicherheit (ZAFES) wird derzeit die Pharmakologie der Statine im Gehirn intensiv untersucht, um die therapeutischen Einsatzmöglichkeiten von Statinen im Zusammenhang mit der Therapie von Erkrankungen, wie Schlaganfall und Alzheimer-Demenz, aufzuklären und gegebenenfalls zu erweitern

Principles to Guide the Office of Legal Counsel

Former members of Office of Legal Counsel ( OLC ) in the Department of Justice offer guidance for their successors. Among the document\u27s recommendations are suggestions that the OLC provide an accurate and honest appraisal of applicable law, even if that advice will constrain the administration’s pursuit of desired policies; and publicly disclose its written legal opinions in a timely manner, absent strong reasons for delay or nondisclosure

Neonatal visual assessment in congenital heart disease: A pilot study

This study assessed neonatal visual maturity in infants with congenital heart disease (CHD) and its predictive value for neurodevelopmental outcomes. Neonates with CHD underwent a standardized visual assessment before and after cardiopulmonary bypass surgery. Visual maturity was rated as normal versus abnormal by means of normative reference data. Twelve-month neurodevelopment was assessed with the Bayley-III. Twenty-five healthy controls served as the reference group. Neonatal visual assessment was performed in five neonates with CHD preoperatively and in 24 postoperatively. Only postoperative assessments were considered for further analysis. Median [IQR] age at assessment was 27.0 [21.5, 42.0] days of life in postoperative neonates with CHD and 24.0 [15.0, 32.0] in controls. Visual performance was within reference values in 87.5% in postoperative CHD versus 90.5% in healthy controls (p = 1.0). Visual maturity was not predictive of neurodevelopment at 12 months. These results demonstrate the limited feasibility and predictive value of neonatal visual assessments in CHD

The Role of Gesture-Speech Alignment for Gesture Interpretation

Contribution to Linguistic Evidence 202

Brain volumes predict neurodevelopment in adolescents after surgery for congenital heart disease

Patients with complex congenital heart disease are at risk for neurodevelopmental impairments. Evidence suggests that brain maturation can be delayed and pre- and postoperative brain injury may occur, and there is limited information on the long-term effect of congenital heart disease on brain development and function in adolescent patients. At a mean age of 13.8 years, 39 adolescent survivors of childhood cardiopulmonary bypass surgery with no structural brain lesions evident through conventional cerebral magnetic resonance imaging and 32 healthy control subjects underwent extensive neurodevelopmental assessment and cerebral magnetic resonance imaging. Cerebral scans were analysed quantitatively using surface-based and voxel-based morphometry. Compared with control subjects, patients had lower total brain (P = 0.003), white matter (P = 0.004) and cortical grey matter (P = 0.005) volumes, whereas cerebrospinal fluid volumes were not different. Regional brain volume reduction ranged from 5.3% (cortical grey matter) to 11% (corpus callosum). Adolescents with cyanotic heart disease showed more brain volume loss than those with acyanotic heart disease, particularly in the white matter, thalami, hippocampi and corpus callosum (all P-values < 0.05). Brain volume reduction correlated significantly with cognitive, motor and executive functions (grey matter: P < 0.05, white matter: P < 0.01). Our findings suggest that there are long-lasting cerebral changes in adolescent survivors of cardiopulmonary bypass surgery for congenital heart disease and that these changes are associated with functional outcom

Reduced spiral ganglion neuronal loss by adjunctive neurotrophin-3 in experimental pneumococcal meningitis

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Hearing loss is a frequent long-term complication of pneumococcal meningitis (PM). Its main pathological correlate is damage to the organ of Corti and loss of spiral ganglion neurons. The only current treatment option is cochlear implants which require surviving neurons. Here, we investigated the impact of systemically applied neurotrophin-3 (NT-3) on long-term hearing loss and the survival of neurons.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>Eighteen hours after infection with <it>S. pneumoniae</it>, C57BL/6 mice were treated with a combination of ceftriaxone with NT-3 or dexamethasone or placebo. Hearing, cochlear damage, and brain damage were assessed by audiometry and histology.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The main findings from immunohistochemical visualization of neurotrophins (NT-3, BDNF) and their receptors (TrkB, TrkC, and p75) in the cochlea were (i) enhanced staining for the cell survival-promoting receptor TrkB and (ii) increased NT-3 staining in NT-3 treated mice, showing that systemically applied NT-3 reaches the cochlea. The major effects of adjunctive NT-3 treatment were (i) a reduction of meningitis-induced hearing impairment and (ii) a reduction of spiral ganglion neuronal loss. The efficacy of NT-3 therapy was comparable to that of dexamethasone.</p> <p>Conclusion</p> <p>Systemically applied NT-3 might be an interesting candidate to improve hearing outcome after pneumococcal meningitis.</p

Alterations of Excitation–Contraction Coupling and Excitation Coupled Ca2+ Entry in Human Myotubes Carrying CAV3 Mutations Linked to Rippling Muscle Disease

Rippling muscle disease is caused by mutations in the gene encoding caveolin-3 (CAV3), the muscle-specific isoform of the scaffolding protein caveolin, a protein involved in the formation of caveolae. In healthy muscle, caveolin-3 is responsible for the formation of caveolae, which are highly organized sarcolemmal clusters influencing early muscle differentiation, signalling and Ca2+ homeostasis. In the present study we examined Ca2+ homeostasis and excitation–contraction (E-C) coupling in cultured myotubes derived from two patients with Rippling muscle disease with severe reduction in caveolin-3 expression; one patient harboured the heterozygous c.84C>A mutation while the other patient harbored a homozygous splice-site mutation (c.102+ 2T>C) affecting the splice donor site of intron 1 of the CAV3 gene. Our results show that cells from control and rippling muscle disease patients had similar resting [Ca2+]i and 4-chloro-m-cresol-induced Ca2+ release but reduced KCl-induced Ca2+ influx. Detailed analysis of the voltage-dependence of Ca2+ transients revealed a significant shift of Ca2+ release activation to higher depolarization levels in CAV3 mutated cells. High resolution immunofluorescence analysis by Total Internal Fluorescence microscopy supports the hypothesis that loss of caveolin-3 leads to microscopic disarrays in the colocalization of the voltage-sensing dihydropyridine receptor and the ryanodine receptor, thereby reducing the efficiency of excitation–contraction coupling. Hum Mutat 32:309–317, 2011. © 2011 Wiley-Liss, Inc

Aptamer-modified polymer nanoparticles for targeted drug delivery

The purpose of this study was to develop a model system for targeted drug delivery. This system should enable targeted drug release at a certain tissue in the body. In conventional drug delivery systems, drugs are often delivered unspecifically resulting in unwarranted adverse effects. To circumvent this problem, there is an increasing demand for the development of intelligent drug delivery systems allowing a tissue-specific mode of delivery. Within this study, nanoparticles consisting of two biocompatible polymers are used. Because of their small size, nanoparticles are well-suited for effective drug delivery. The small size affects their movement through cell and tissue barriers. Their cellular uptake is easier when compared to larger drug delivery systems. Paclitaxel was encapsulated into the nanoparticles as a model drug, and to achieve specific targeting an aptamer directed against lung cancer cells was coupled to the nanoparticles surface. Nanoparticles were characterized by dynamic light scattering (DLS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and nanotracking analysis (NTA). Also their surface charge was characterized from ζ-potential measurements. Their preparation was optimized and subsequently specificity of drug-loaded and aptamer-functionalized nanoparticles was investigated using lung cancer cells. © 2016 by De Gruyter