Welfare flows and caseload dynamics

Data from the 1990, 1991, 1992, 1993 and 1996 panels of the Survey of Income and Program Participations are used to estimate AFDC/TANF entry and exit rates. These estimates of AFDC/TANF entry and exit rates are used to conduct simulations aimed at determining the roles of economic conditions and welfare reform in explaining AFDC caseloads changes during the 1990s. The results of these simulations indicate that economic conditions were the engine driving the run-up in caseloads during the early 1990s and the decrease in caseloads following 1993.welfare caseloads, AFDC caseloads, TANF caseloads, welfare durations, welfare spells

A Study Comparing the Understanding of Selected Principles of College Chemistry by Intermediate Grade Pupils in Ellensburg and Mercer Island, Washington

It was the purpose of this study (1) to teach the content as identified in the Ellensburg Study to fifth and sixth grade pupils in West Mercer Elementary School; (2) to determine if differences or similarities existed between the Mercer Island and Ellensburg groups; and (3) to develop an attitude scale to reflect pupils\u27 concerns about science

The Agricultural Emergency in Iowa, VII. Monetary Inflation

Monetary inflation is an extremely complicated subject. It is impossible to cover it adequately in one brief publication. The purpose of this circular is simply to trace what consequences may be expected to follow from certain actions. The purpose is rather to draw attention to features that require further study, than to attempt to give a comprehensive answer to the inflation question. This is the seventh publication in a series dealing with the present agricultural emergency. The first circular in the series The Situation Today presented the main facts of the case. The second circular, The Causes of the Emergency,\u27\u27 dealt with the causative factors. The third circular was entitled, The Voluntary Domestic Allotment Plan; ·the fourth circular, The Iowa Farm Mortgage Situation. The fifth circular, dealing with monetary questions, was entitled, The Control of the General Price Level. The sixth circular was entitled, The Iowa Tax Situation-An Analysis for Farmers.\u27\u27 The present circular deals with monetary inflation. Other circulars are to follow in this emergency series

The Agricultural Emergency in Iowa, V. Control of the General Price Level

The general commodity price level, after declining 34 percent from 1925-1929 average levels during the past three years, returned to approximately pre-war levels in January, 1932. From then on, until September, 1932, it remained fairly stable. Since September, however, the general price level has been falling again at the rate of one or two points a month. How long the decline will continue, no one knows; but agriculture and industry can not begin to recover until the decline is arrested. The urgent need for some form of control of the general price level is steadily becoming greater. The present circular deals with the control of the general price level. It points out the need for this control, and shows what the Federal Reserve System has been doing to check deflation since the depression began. There is not space enough, however, for a presentation of some of the stronger reflationary measures that have recently been proposed. These measures will be presented and discussed in a later circular in this series. This is the fifth publication in the series dealing with the present agricultural emergency. The first circular in the series, \u27The Situation Today, presented the main facts of the case. The second circular, . The Causes of the Emergency, dealt with the causative factor. The third circular was entitled The Domestic Allotment Plan. The fourth was entitled The Iowa Farm Mortgage Situation. The present circular, dealing with monetary questions, is the fifth in the series. A later circular will deal further with the same subject

The functional ecology of Potamogeton rutilus Wolfg.

Potamogeton rutilus Wolfg. is a rare threatened macrophyte which, within the British Isles, is confined to oligo-mesotrophic Scottish lochs. The species has been lost from some of its former recorded sites, thought due to eutrophication and other environmental habitat changes. The plants limited distribution may be partly related to its lack of seed production that may limit long distance bird seed dispersal. P. rutilus appears to be reliant on clonal growth for reproduction, so may have a reduced genetic diversity that can reduce fecundity. To assist the development of strategies for the future conservation of P. rutilus, a series of investigations was carried out to reveal the autecological factors that influence the plant’s distribution and survival. In summing up the main findings of the investigation, it was found that Scottish and Finnish P. rutilus have different trophic plant community types, with Scottish P. rutilus inhabiting less nutrient rich oligo-mesotrophic lochs than the more nutrient rich, eutrophic, Finnish P. rutilus habitats. Salinity may have caused P. rutilus to be lost from some of its former machair lochs. P. rutilus abundance and macrophyte diversity significantly declined with reduced light availability in lochs. The growth experiments revealed that P. rutilus turion size is a good measure of plant fitness and fecundity and eutrophic phosphate conditions, under a half-light regime, produced optimum P. rutilus turion growth. The genetic investigations suggest there is limited gene flow between P. rutilus populations and this could be due to the lack of seed production for inter-population seed dispersal. However, P. rutilus does not totally rely on clonal growth for reproduction, as genetic evidence suggested there was some degree of sexual reproduction in some populations

A reactive wet spinning approach to polypyrrole fibres

Electrically conducting, robust fibres comprised of both an alginate (Alg) biopolymer and a polypyrrole (PPy) component have been produced using reactive wet-spinning. Using this approach polypyrrole-biopolymer fibres were also produced with single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), added to provide additional strength and conductivity. SEM images of the PPy-Alg composite fibres clearly show the tubular multifilament form of the alginate fibre impregnated with PPy nanoparticles. The fibres produced containing CNTs show a 78% increase in ultimate stress and 25% increase in elongation to break compared to PPy-alginate fibre. Young\u27s modulus obtained for the PPy-Alg-CNT fibres showed a 30% increase compared to the PPy-alginate fibre. The fibres produced were electrochemically active and capable of electromechanical actuation with a strain of 0.7% produced at a scan rate of 100 mV s-1 of the potential. C 2011 The Royal Society of Chemistry

Nanostructured electrically conducting biofibres produced using a reactive wet-spinning process

Electrically conducting, robust fibres comprised of both an alginate (Alg) biopolymer and a polypyrrole (PPy) component have been produced using reactive wet-spinning. Using this approach polypyrrole-biopolymer fibres were also produced with single-walled carbon nanotubes (CNTs), added to provide additional strength and conductivity. The fibres produced containing CNTs show a 78% increase in ultimate stress and 25% increase in elongation to break compared to PPy-alginate fibre. These properties are essential for studies involving the use of electrical stimulation to promote nerve regrowth and/or muscle regeneration. The resultant a novel fibres had been evaluated to develop a viable system in incorporating biological entities in the composite biomaterial. These results indicated fibres are biocompatible to living cells