288 research outputs found
Ăkad anvĂ€ndning av raps och Ă„kerböna i slaktkycklingfoder
Idag tĂ€cks proteinbehovet i europeisk slaktkycklingproduktion till största del av importerat sojamjöl. SojaanvĂ€ndningen inom animalieproduktionen Ă€r kraftigt ifrĂ„gasatt, och att ersĂ€tta sojan med inhemska proteinfodermedel Ă€r ett sĂ€tt att stĂ€rka svensk kycklings varumĂ€rke. Raps och Ă„kerbönor Ă€r tvĂ„ av de proteingrödor som Ă€r odlingsbara i Sverige och det finns stora möjligheter att öka anvĂ€ndningen av dessa i kycklingfoder. Kanske kommer det i framtiden att vara möjligt att jĂ€mte vete tillsĂ€tta fler hemmaproducerade rĂ„varor till ett koncentrat â Ă„kerböna och raps kan dĂ„ vara tĂ€nkbara kandidater. Ett litet gissel med i stort sett alla inhemska proteingrödor Ă€r att de innehĂ„ller en del Ă€mnen s.k. antinutritionella substanser (ANS) som kan störa nĂ€ringsupptaget hos fjĂ€derfĂ€n. Det finns dock möjligheter att genom förbehandling, med exempelvis vĂ€rme, förstöra flera av dessa oönskade substanser i rĂ„varan innan den blandas in i fodret. Dock saknas information om hur förbehandling med vĂ€rme pĂ„verkar möjlig inblandningsnivĂ„ i slaktkycklingfoder. För att undersöka detta har tvĂ„ försök, ett med raps och ett med Ă„kerböna, utförts pĂ„ Lövsta forskningscentrum, SLU
Effects of toasting, inclusion levels and different enzyme supplementations of faba beans on growth performance of broiler chickens
Faba beans (Vicia faba) are an alternative protein source that likely can be used to a higher extent in broiler diets. White-flowered faba beans contain antinutritional substances (ANS) such as non-starch polysaccharides (NSP), trypsin inhibitors, and lectins, which might limit its inclusion level. Lectins and trypsin inhibitors are heat labile and previous studies have shown that steam-pelleting and enzyme treatment improves the nutritional value of faba beans. However, alternative to pelleting would facilitate for farmers to add faba beans on-farm. Currently, there are machines available for toasting faba beans on-farm, which might be used for broiler mash diets. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of inclusion level (0, 10, 20 and 30%), toasting (140 degrees C 5.5 min) and different enzymes (xylanase + phytase vs. xylanase, phytase, amylase, protease) of faba bean diets on growth performance and organ parameters in broilers. To test this, 2 experiments 34 and 35 days, using a total of 480 chickenswere performed. Feed intake, body weight (BW) and feed conversion ratio were registered weekly, in addition, organ and carcass weights were registered at slaughter. The results showed that inclusion of 20% faba beans is possible in a pelleted diet with maintained broiler growth performance. When 20% was included in a mash diet, feed intake and BW decreased compared to chickens fed pelleted diets, irrespectively of pre-toasting of the beans. It can be concluded that toasting cannot replace pelleting. Supplementation of protease and amylase in addition to xylanase and phytase did not improve the nutritional value of faba beans
Effects of algal supplementation in feed to broiler breeders on transfer of nutrients and antibodies to chicks and quality of hatchlings
Breeder nutrition is an important factor for chick quality since the chick embryo relies on nutrients available in the egg for growth and development. In addition, the egg is providing the chick with important antibodies that are vital during the first weeks of life. Brown algae contains several bioactive compounds, and dietary supplementation with algal extracts have shown improved gut health and immune responses in both pigs and poultry. The aim of this study was to investigate if feeding the brown algae Saccharina latissima, intact or as an extract, to broiler breeders can affect breeder hens' antibody responses to vaccination, egg quality and transfer of antibodies and nutrients to the egg and thereby improve the quality of newly hatched chicks. Forty-five hens and nine roosters of the parent lines of the fast-growing broiler Ross 308 were included in the experiment where hens were 31 weeks at the start. The hens were housed individually and fed one of three dietary treatments for seven weeks; (a) control, (b) addition of 0.6% algal meal or (c) addition of 0.08% algal extract. The hens were given a booster vaccination against infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) 21 days after the start of experiment. During experimental days 32-42, hens were naturally mated every 5th day and hatching eggs were collected. A total of 255 chicks were hatched, and chick quality was assessed. Moreover, on chick day three, blood was collected from 48 focal chickens and total immunoglobulin Y levels and specific titres to IBV in serum were determined. The results showed that feeding the brown algae Saccharina latissima, intact or as an extract to broiler breeders did not affect egg production, egg quality, antibody responses to vaccination or transfer of antibodies from hen to chick. However, feeding intact algae significantly increased the levels of iodine and decreased the level of selenium in the eggs and resulted in a lower proportion of chicks with maximum quality score. Interestingly, algal feeding, both intact and as an extract, increased the abdominal fat pad in broiler breeders by about 17% without affecting BW. In conclusion, supplementation of broiler breeder diets with algal extract from Saccharina latissima, but not intact algal meal is a promising dietary strategy to increase the abdominal fat pad without causing any adverse effects on nutrient level in eggs or chick quality. CO 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of The Animal Consortium. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)
Early goal directed therapy for adult meningitis in Malawi
Introduction: Mortality from acute bacterial meningitis (ABM) in sub-Saharan adults is 50-60%, twice that in well-resourced settings. To date, interventions designed to impact on outcome have been ineffective in this setting. This thesis addressed the hypothesis that high mortality is due in part to delayed or inappropriate care, and that this may be improved by goal directed resuscitation. Methods: Clinical and laboratory surveillance data from a large central hospital in Malawi were analysed. Clinical predictors of poor outcome were synthesised into the Malawi Adult Meningitis Score (MAMS). To assess feasibility and outcome, patients with suspected ABM were recruited in the emergency department and observed in year one under routine clinical care (Phase 1), and then managed with a meningitis-specific EGDT clinical care bundle in year two (Phase 2). Laboratory data were tested for outcome associations. Results: A significant decline in the total number of CSF isolates over 12 years was noted, entirely in children under 5 years of age coinciding with Hib vaccination. Adult meningitis incidence remained unchanged, despite significant ART provision. Analysis of 715 historical meningitis episodes showed that the mortality rate was 54% at day 40; HIV seroprevalence was 87% and treatment delays were marked. Coma, seizures, tachycardia and anaemia but not HIV were significantly associated with mortality. The MAMS predicted outcome with good agreement, estimated sensitivity was 74%, specificity was 55%. EGDT was found to be feasible, more clinical targets were met using EGDT including reduced time to antibiotics, iv fluids, blood transfusion and airway placement. There was no significant difference in outcome at 40 days between the two cohorts. Neither high pneumococcal load nor the presence of EBV co-infection in the CSF were associated with poor outcome. CSF white cell counts were lower in non-survivors, other markers of inflammation were not associated with outcome. Conclusion: The incidence of bacterial meningitis is not falling in adults in Malawi. Important clinical predictors were identified and synthesised into a prediction tool. EGDT for meningitis is feasible in adult patients in Malawi; a larger trial is required to test the impact on outcome. Further work to improve pre-hospital care and identify novel adjunctive treatments is necessary
Streptococcus pneumoniae meningitis and the CNS barriers
Streptococcus pneumoniae (SPN) is a globally significant cause of meningitis, the pathophysiology of which involves damage to the brain by both bacterial virulence factors and the host inflammatory response. In most cases of SPN meningitis bacteria translocate from the blood into the central nervous system (CNS). The principal site of SPN translocation into the CNS is not known, with possible portals of entry proposed to be the cerebral or meningeal blood vessels or the choroid plexus. All require SPN to bind to and translocate across the vascular endothelial barrier, and subsequently the basement membrane and perivascular structures, including an additional epithelial barrier in the case of the blood-CSF barrier. The presence of SPN in the CNS is highly inflammatory resulting in marked neutrophilic infiltration. The secretion of toxic inflammatory mediators by activated neutrophils within the CNS damages pathogen and host alike, including the non-replicative neurons which drives morbidity and mortality. As with the translocation of SPN, the recruitment of neutrophils into the CNS in SPN meningitis necessitates the translocation of neutrophils from the circulation across the vascular barrier, a process that is tightly regulated under basal conditions - a feature of the 'immune specialization' of the CNS. The brain barriers are therefore central to SPN meningitis, both through a failure to exclude bacteria and maintain CNS sterility, and subsequently through the active recruitment and/or failure to exclude circulating leukocytes. The interactions of SPN with these barriers, barrier inflammatory responses, along with their therapeutic implications, are explored in this review
Slutrapport
SojaanvĂ€ndningen inom animalieproduktionen Ă€r kraftigt ifrĂ„gasatt, och att ersĂ€tta sojan med inhemska proteinfodermedel Ă€r en av de viktigaste förĂ€ndringar för att minska miljöpĂ„verkan och stĂ€rka svensk kycklings varumĂ€rke. Raps och Ă„kerbönor Ă€r tvĂ„ av de proteingrödor som Ă€r odlingsbara i Sverige och det finns stora möjlighetet att öka anvĂ€ndningen av dessa i kycklingfoder. Ett litet gissel med i stort sett alla inhemska proteingrödor Ă€r att de innehĂ„ller en del Ă€mnen s.k. antinutritionella substanser (ANS) som kan störa nĂ€ringsupptaget hos fjĂ€derfĂ€n. I raps Ă€r det framförallt glukosinolater och dess nedbrytningsprodukter som utgör ett problem. Nedbrytning av glukosinolater aktiveras av enzymet myrosinas. BegrĂ€nsningen hos Ă„kerböna Ă€r för vĂ€xande djur framförallt tanniner och trypsininhibitorer, dĂ€r vitblommiga Ă„kerbönorna Ă€r i princip fria frĂ„n tanniner. SĂ„vĂ€l myrosinas som trypsininhibitorer Ă€r vĂ€rmeinstabila och det finns dĂ€rmed möjligheter att genom förbehandling med vĂ€rme, förstöra dessa oönskade substanser i rĂ„varan innan den blandas in i fodret. Dock saknas information om optimal tid och temperatur pĂ„ vĂ€rmebehandlingen och hur denna pĂ„verkar möjlig inblandningsnivĂ„ i slaktkycklingfoder. Risken med en för kraftig vĂ€rmebehandling Ă€r att proteinkvaliteten blir negativt pĂ„verkad. För att undersöka detta genomfördes fyra delförsök, ett labförsök och ett slaktkycklingförsök med rapsfrö och ett labförsök och ett slaktkycklingförsök med vitblommig Ă„kerböna. Labförsöken utfördes pĂ„ KungsĂ€ngens forskningscentrum, SLU och raps respektive Ă„kerböna torr-rostades i ugn i olika tider och temperaturer. För raps var enzymet myrosinas helt inaktiverat vid rostning 120 °C, 15 min samtidigt som proteinets kvalitĂ© var bibehĂ„llen. För Ă„kerböna sĂ„gs en sĂ€nkning av trypsininhibitoraktivitet och bibehĂ„llen proteinkvalitet vid rostning 140 °C, 5,5 min, och dessa temperaturer bedöms som optimala vid torr- rostning. Slaktkycklingförsöken utfödes pĂ„ Lövsta forskningscentrum, och i rapsförsöket testades 4 inblandningsnivĂ„er, 0, 8, 16, 24 % raps, samt effekt av vĂ€rmebehandling i form av Ă„ngpelletering. För de pelleterade fodren var 16 % inblandning möjlig utan att pĂ„verka foderintag, tillvĂ€xt eller foderomvandlingsförmĂ„ga (FCR) negativt. För de icke-pelleterade - mĂŒslifodern var FCR bibehĂ„llen vid 8 % inblandning, men vikt och foderintag var sĂ€mre Ă€n kontrollfodret och sĂ€nktes sedan linjĂ€rt med ökad inblandningsnivĂ„. I slaktkycklingförsöket med Ă„kerböna testades ocksĂ„ 4 inblandningsnivĂ„er, 0, 10, 20 och 30 %, dessa foder Ă„ngpelleterades. För nivĂ„n 20 % Ă„kerböna testades Ă€ven effekten av vĂ€rmebehandling och foderstruktur genom att tvĂ„ mĂŒslifoder tillverkades, i det ena var Ă„kerbönorna förrostade i 140 °C, 5,5 min i det andra var de obehandlade. Resultaten visade att foderintag, vikt och FCR var bibehĂ„llen vid 20 % inblandning, vid 30 % inblandning var FCR bibehĂ„llen, men foderintag och vikt var sĂ€nkta. I bĂ„da mĂŒslifodern sĂ„gs ett vĂ€ldigt lĂ„gt foderintag och dĂ€rmed lĂ„ga vikter, men bibehĂ„llen FCR. Som slutsats konsterades att vĂ€rmebehandling i form av pelletering möjliggör inblandning av 16 % rapsfrö och 20 % vitblommig Ă„kerböna i slaktkycklingfoder
Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions : the economic impact upon the agricultural firm
The agricultural sector accounts for about 13 percent of the total load of greenhouse gas emissions from Sweden (Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, 2007). The Swedish objective to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions with 40 percentage units to the year of 2020, based upon the year of 1990, might imply stricter regulations for Swedish farmers. A regulation or other forms of economic incentives is probably necessary to reduce the emissions originating from the agricultural sector.
This study aims to investigate the economic and managerial impact on two agricultural firms with differing production system given that a constraint on green house gas emissions is introduced. Gases included in this study are carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide. A literature review is carried out to obtain data on emission factors from agricultural activities. The two case-study farms in this study represent crop production and crop and pig production, respectively. The farms are both part of the research program "Odling i balans". In order to ensure an economic optimal adjustment, given the introduction of a constraint on greenhouse gas emissions, non-linear optimization techniques have been utilized. Furthermore, this study connects biological relationships and economic analyses of profits and cost-effectiveness with a target on emissions. Novel biological relationships in the study represent optimal crop rotation accounting for the biological effects of preceding crops, relationships between nitrogen application, yield and important quality parameters such as protein content in grain.
Since the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions is not determined in quantity or formation, the results are presented according to two different scenarios, one life-cycle approach including emissions from production of inputs and one national perspective excluding these emissions.
The results of the study show that the economic consequences for the crop producing farm due to a reduction of greenhouse gas emissions with 20 percentage units amount to 130 and 230 SEK per hectare, depending on whether the emissions from production of inputs are included or not. The corresponding result for the crop and pig producing farm, given the use of the available capacity for piglet production, amounts to 800 and 900 SEK per hectare. If the farmer is able to adjust the number of sows, the economic loss per hectare decreases to 280 and 340 SEK. Due to large emissions from the pig production, the cost of reducing the greenhouse gas emissions increases in a scenario with maximal capacity utilization in pig production. The explanation is that the reduction on total emissions requires extensive adjustments in the crop production. Hence, the economic return decreases. The reduction in percentage is greater when excluding emissions from production of inputs therefore the economic impact is greater. The marginal cost of reducing greenhouse gas emissions amounts to about 0,50 to 3 SEK per kg of carbon dioxide equivalent.
A comparison between tillage systems reveals that minimum tillage systems, generate not only higher economic return but, also lower emissions. However the marginal cost remains largely unchanged. The results of the analysis show that the crop producing farm is able to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions with almost 35 to 40 percent through a minimum tillage system adhering to the emission constraint, and at the same time maintain the economic result. The corresponding reduction for the crop and pig producing farm is 9 to 14 percent.Jordbrukssektorn stÄr för cirka 13 procent av Sveriges totala utslÀpp av vÀxthusgaser
(Swedish Environmental Protection Agency, 2007). Sveriges mÄl att reducera emissionerna
med 40 procent fram till Är 2020, jÀmfört med 1990-Ärs nivÄ, tyder pÄ skÀrpta krav i framtiden
för Sveriges lantbrukare. För att sÀnka utslÀppen inom jordbruket krÀvs förmodligen en
reglering inom sektorn.
Syftet med studien Àr att utreda hur tvÄ lantbruksföretag med olika driftsinriktning pÄverkas,
ekonomiskt och produktionsmÀssigt, dÄ en begrÀnsning av vÀxthusgasemissioner
introduceras. De vÀxthusgaser som behandlas i studien Àr koldioxid, lustgas och metan. En
litteraturstudie genomförs för att inhÀmta emissionsdata. Optimeringsmodeller utvecklas för
tvÄ fallgÄrdar med inriktning vÀxtodling respektive vÀxtodling och grisproduktion. De bÀgge
gÄrdarna medverkar i Odling i Balans. Modellerna grundas pÄ teorier rörande icke-linjÀr
optimering och skiljer sig frÄn tidigare studier dÄ de beaktar komplexa biologiska samband
och antaganden om ekonomiskt rationellt beslutsfattande och kostnadseffektivitet med
avseende pÄ ett givet utslÀppsmÄl. De biologiska samband som modelleras Àr bland annat
vÀxtföljder och förfrukter, avkastning i förhÄllande till kvÀvetillförsel samt kvalitetsaspekter
sÄsom sambandet mellan proteininnehÄll i spannmÄl och kvÀvegiva.
Resultaten beskrivs enligt tvÄ scenarier, eftersom det Àr oklart hur en eventuell begrÀnsning av
vÀxthusgasemissioner frÄn jordbruket skulle kunna utformas. Dels analyseras ett
livscykelperspektiv dÀr emissioner frÄn framstÀllning av produktionsmedel inkluderas, dels ett
nationellt perspektiv dÀr emissioner frÄn framstÀllning av produktionsmedel exkluderas.
Analysen visar att lantbrukarens kostnad för att reducera emissionerna med 20 procent uppgÄr
till 130 respektive 230 kronor per hektar för vÀxtodlingsgÄrden, beroende pÄ om tillverkning
av produktionsmedel ingÄr eller ej. För grisgÄrden Àr kostnaden 280 respektive 340 kronor i
det fall dÄ antalet modersuggor kan minska, medan full kapacitet i smÄgrisproduktionen
innebÀr kostnader om 800 till 900 kronor per hektar. Studien visar att kostnaden för att
reducera emissionerna blir högre dÄ grisgÄrden inte kan anpassa grisproduktionen, vilken ger
höga emissioner frÄn bland annat gödsellagring och inköpt foder. Förklaringen Àr att en
procentuell reduktion av de i nulÀget höga emissionerna krÀver omfattande anpassning av
kvÀvetillförsel och skördenivÄer, vilket leder till ett försÀmrat ekonomiskt resultat. I ett
scenario dÄ produktionsmedel exkluderas i analysen Àr kostnaden högre för att reducera
emissionerna eftersom den procentuella reduktionen blir mer omfattande Àn i fallet inklusive
produktionsmedel. Marginalkostnaden för att reducera emissionerna strÀcker sig mellan 0,5
och 3 kronor per kg koldioxidekvivalent för fallgÄrdarna.
Vid jÀmförelse mellan reducerad och konventionell jordbearbetning pÄ fallgÄrdarna visar sig
det reducerade systemet ha flera fördelar. Det ekonomiska resultatet ökar och emissionerna
minskar, till följd av lÀgre maskinkostnader per hektar och lÀgre emissioner hÀnförliga till
tillverkning och förbrÀnning av dieselolja. Dock Àr marginalkostnaden för att reducera de
totala emissionerna i stort sett densamma. Analysen visar att vÀxtodlingsgÄrden kan sÀnka
emissionerna med knappt 35 till 40 procent, med bibehÄllen vinst genom att tillÀmpa
reducerad bearbetning och samtidigt anpassa sig till begrÀnsning av emissionerna. Det
reducerade bearbetningssystemet pÄ grisgÄrden innebÀr plöjningsfri odling av höstvete och
analysen visar att emissionerna kan sÀnkas med 9 till 14 procent, givet anpassning och
bibehÄllet ekonomiskt resultat
Live black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae in feed for laying hens: effects on hen gut microbiota and behavior
This study examined the effects of including live black soldier fly (BSF, Hermetia illucens) larvae in the diet of laying hens on gut microbiota, and the association between microbiota and fearfulness. A total of 40 Bovans White laying hens were individually housed and fed 1 of 4 dietary treatments that provided 0, 10, 20%, or ad libitum daily dietary portions of live BSF larvae for 12 wk. Cecum microbiota was collected at the end of the experiment and sequenced. Behavioral fear responses to novel objects and open field tests on the same hens were compared against results from gut microbiota analyses. The results showed that the bacteria genera Enterococcus, Parabacteroides, and Ruminococcus torques group were positively associated with increased dietary portion of live larvae, while Lactobacillus, Faecalibacterium, Bifidobacterium, Subdoligranulum, and Butyricicoccus were negatively associated with larvae in the diet. Inclusion of larvae did not affect fear behavior, but the relative abundance of Lachnospiraceae CHKCI001 and Erysipelatoclostridium was associated with fear -related behaviors. Further studies are needed to determine whether the change in gut microbiota affects fearfulness in the long-term
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