Indirect Heamagglutination as An Immunodiagnostic Technique For Cystic Echinococcosis In Iraqi Patients

Background: The aim is to determine the effectiveness of indirect Haemagglutination (IHA) as diagnostic techniques for Cystic Echinococcosis in Iraqi and possible correlation of age and gender in disease occurrence. Patients and Methods: Patients presented with clinical manifestation of hydatidosis (202) were selectively enrolled in this study.  IHA technique using sensitized sheep red blood cells coated with an Echinococcus granulosus antigen was applied. Results: One hundred and one patients (50%) were males, with the mean age (33.50±7. 8) years. The rest were females with mean age (29.78±9. 6) years.  IHA positive cases were (19.3% ) and the reminders (80.7%) were negative .IHA positive  females (22.8%) compared with (15.8%) in males without  statistical significant difference (P Value= 0.212) nor correlation between gender and IHA results (P Value= 0.214)  . The majority of patients belongs to (24-30) years ,( 31-36) years and (18-23) years age groups .Among males, higher number of positive cases at (31-36) years followed by (24-30) years and (49-54) years. Among females, higher number of positive cases at(24-30) years followed by (37-42) years  and (18-23) years. Statistical significant difference (P Value= 0.001) reported between genders according to age group distribution without significant correlation between age group according to gender and IHA results (P Value= 0.268). Conclusion: the IHA consider rapid, reliable and adequate technique that make it possible to process a large number of samples simultaneously and that do not require highly trained technical personnel. Females appear to be more susceptible to CE than male especially in younger age groups. Key words: Indirect Haemagglutination, Hydatidosis, age, gender, Iraq

Immune Response, Gene sequence to Contagious Ecthyma Virus (Orfv) Infected Lambs in Diyala Governorate, Iraq

Contagious ecyhyma Known (Orf, contagious pustular dermatitis, sore mouth, scabby mouth) a disease spreads easily and brought by the epitheliotropic. It’s endemic around the world and has a serious economic impact. This study aimed to understand the immune response mechanisms of the lambs to defense against Contagious ecthyma virus and molecular detection of the virus with the determining the sequence and mutant of the viral genome to 91 lambs (41 has clinical signs of Orfv and 50 control do not have clinical sign of Orfv) for the period extended from September 2022 to April 2023. Blood samples were collected from all above groups to apply for detection the level of IgM, IgG, IL-10, and IFN-γ of Orfv by ELISA test. Positive Orfv IgM was 75.6% infected lamb and 72% none infected, and positive Orfv IgG was 90.2% infected lamb and 88% none infected. The result was showed the level of IL-10 a significant increasing, in all Lambs positive IgM and IgG compared with control group. IFN-γ level showed non significant differences between all Lambs positive IgM and IgG compared with control group. Molecular detection of Orfv result was confirmed the positivity of all samples positive Orfv IgM. And the sequencing of the Orfv DNA showed a mutant in the some Allel compared with References strain registered at NCBI. Concluded: high prevalence of Orfv among lambs and happened mutants to the viral genome increased the virus’s virulence by affecting the immune response

Role of Innate Immune Response Components in the Osteoarthritis

Background:Osteoarthritis is a progressive joint disease is mainly worrying on weight bearing in the body, the joints, particularly the knee and hips. Osteoarthritis as an inflammation in the joints must there is an immune defense in the body against this inflammation. This disease that appears primarily in the elderly characterized by erosion articular cartilage, osteophyte, subchondral bone stiffness, synovitis inflammation, many causes of the disease such as age, sex, and obesity, the location of the joint injury and various other factors. Objective:To understand the role of innate immune response components in the osteoarthritis, this study was investigated the relation between the innate immune response and osteoarthritis. Patients and Methods:Fifty osteoarthritis patients and fifty healthy persons were participate in this case-control study. The total WBC count, neutrophil percent, lymphocyte percent, monocyte percent, eosinophil percent, basophile percent, platelet number, level of ESR, Level of CRP, and level of C3 complement were investigate in serum and synovial fluid in the osteoarthritis patients and control healthy persons. Results: The results were shown significant elevation in the WBC count, platelet number, level of ESR, level of CRP and level of C3 complement in the serum of osteoarthritis patients compared with control group. A significant positive correlation was shown with weight of patient and the severity of osteoarthritis. The elevation level of C3 complement in the synovial fluid was a significant positive correlation with elevation of level of C3, level of ESR, level of CRP, and WBC count in the serum of patients related to the severity of osteoarthritis status. Conclusion:The results were given an evidence for the crucial role of innate immune response in the defense against osteoarthritis inflammation and any defect in the innate immune component lead to increase the severity of osteoarthritis

Immunomodulatory effect of an isolated fraction from Tinospora crispa on intracellular expression of INF-γ, IL-6 and IL-8

Background Immunomodulators are substances that modify immune system response to a threat. Immunomodulators modulate and potentiate the immune system, keeping it highly prepared for any threat. The immunomodulatory effect of the traditional medicine Tinospora crispa is investigated in this work. Methods T. crispa ethanol extract was fractionated by using different solvents. The ethanol extract and effective isolated fraction were used to investigate the potential immunomodulatory effect of different T. crispa doses ranging from 25 μg/mL to 1000 μg/mL on RAW 246.7 cells by detecting intracellular INF-γ, IL-6, and IL-8 expressions. The antioxidant activity of T. crispa was evaluated through FRAP and DPPH. The total phenolic and total flavonoid contents were also quantified. Results Results show that T. crispa extract has higher antioxidant potential than ascorbic acid. The FRAP value of T. crispa extract is 11011.11 ± 1145.42 μmol Fe+2/g, and its DPPH inhibition percentage is 55.79 ± 7.9, with 22 μg/mL IC50. The results also reveal that the total phenolic content of T. crispa extract is 213.16- ± 1.31 mg GAE/g dry stem weight, and the total flavonoid content is 62.07- ± 39.76 mg QE/g dry stem weight. T. crispa crude extract and its isolated fraction significantly stimulate RAW264.7 cell viability (P ≤ 0.05) and intracellular INF-γ, IL-6, and IL-8 expressions. The results of LC-MS show that four of the active compounds detected in the T. crispa isolated fraction are cordioside, quercetin, eicosenoic acid (paullinic acid), and boldine. Conclusions The results of this study obviously indicate that T. crispa has immunomodulatory effects through the stimulation of INF-γ, IL-6, and IL-8 expressions. LC-MS phytochemical analysis showed that the T. crispa fraction has cordioside, quercetin, eicosenoic acid (paullinic acid), and boldine, which may be responsible for the immunostimulator effect of T. crispa

C -Reactive Protein as an Immunopathological Prognostic Marker for Giardia Lamblia and Entamoeba Histolytica Associated Diarrhea among Children of Baghdad Governorate

Background: C-reactive protein (CRP) is one of the classic acute phase proteins. The study of induction of acute phase reactants synthesis in parasitic infections would aid in understanding the host –parasite relationship.Methods:Seventy three children with parasitic diarrhea that proved through clinical and  microbiological investigation were selected. Thirteen of selected children were infected with G.lamblia and the rest sixty were infected with E.histolytica . Nineteen of the control group was females while the rest eleven were males. Venous Blood were collected from patients and control group for detection of CRP level via latex agglutination test.  Results : The high rate of infection was detected among the age group (19-36) months. The highest level of CRP was (192 mg/dl) while the lowest one was (12 mg/dl) with a mean level (51.20 mg/dl). the mean level of CRP  in control group was (3.7500 mg/dl). positive significant correlations between CRP level and the age of infected children (r=0.290,p=0.013), the chronic infection with G.lamblia and E.histolytica (r=0.760,p=0.000) . Positive significant correlation between the age group and the chronic infection with G.lamblia and E.histolytica (r=0.493,p=0.000) .  Significant difference was detected between the patients group and control group regarding the CRP level (p>0.05).Conclusion: This study proved that CRP level was increased in association with the age and chronic presentation of diarrhea caused by  G.lamblia and E.histolytica and can be used as a non specific immunological marker for monitoring of clinical presentation of G.lamblia and E.histolytica associated diarrheal . Key word: CRP, G.lamblia, E.histolytica, diarrhea

C -Reactive Protein as an Immunopathological Prognostic Marker for Giardia Lamblia and Entamoeba Histolytica Associated Diarrhea among Children of Baghdad Governorate

Background: C-reactive protein (CRP) is one of the classic acute phase proteins. The study of induction of acute phase reactants synthesis in parasitic infections would aid in understanding the host –parasite relationship.Methods:Seventy three children with parasitic diarrhea that proved through clinical and  microbiological investigation were selected. Thirteen of selected children were infected with G.lamblia and the rest sixty were infected with E.histolytica . Nineteen of the control group was females while the rest eleven were males. Venous Blood were collected from patients and control group for detection of CRP level via latex agglutination test.  Results : The high rate of infection was detected among the age group (19-36) months. The highest level of CRP was (192 mg/dl) while the lowest one was (12 mg/dl) with a mean level (51.20 mg/dl). the mean level of CRP  in control group was (3.7500 mg/dl). positive significant correlations between CRP level and the age of infected children (r=0.290,p=0.013), the chronic infection with G.lamblia and E.histolytica (r=0.760,p=0.000) . Positive significant correlation between the age group and the chronic infection with G.lamblia and E.histolytica (r=0.493,p=0.000) .  Significant difference was detected between the patients group and control group regarding the CRP level (p>0.05).Conclusion: This study proved that CRP level was increased in association with the age and chronic presentation of diarrhea caused by  G.lamblia and E.histolytica and can be used as a non specific immunological marker for monitoring of clinical presentation of G.lamblia and E.histolytica associated diarrheal . Key word: CRP, G.lamblia, E.histolytica, diarrhea

Evaluation of Human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor-2 in Iraqi Women with Breast Cancer

Background:Breast cancer (BC) is the most common malignancy in Iraqi women in the recent years. There are many indicated marker for detection BC and determination the development of the tumor stage, one of the most important marker is human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2). Objective:To evaluation of serum and tissue HER2 levels among BC women and non BC women. Patients and Methods: Preoperative blood samples were collected from breast cancer women. Patients were newly diagnosing and did not receive neither radiotherapy nor chemotherapy treatment preoperatively.For the control, blood sample was collected from non-breast cancer women. All blood samples subjected to determine the serum HER-2 level. Results: A total of 52 patients with breast cancer and 30 of control were included in this study. The result showed increasing significant in serum concentration of HER-2 among BC patient compared to control and tissue her-2 positive BC patient have significantly higher serum concentration of HER-2 compared to BC patients who were tissue her-2 negative (16.23±10.37 ng/ml, 10.33±5.73 ng/ml) respectively.  Conclusion: Serum HER-2 level was positively associated with tissue HER-2 level, for that is an important marker for diagnosis and monitoring BC progression

The level of serum Tumor Marker CA15-3 in women with Breast Cancer

Background: Breast cancer is the most frequently diagnosed type of cancer in women in all world regions. About 1.7 million cases of breast cancer are diagnosed every year. Breast cancer is the most common cause of death in women worldwide. There were approximately 0.5 million deaths worldwide from breast cancer in 2012, several serum tumor markers have been evaluated in breast cancer. CA15-3 is the most important serum biomarkers used for diagnosis and monitoring of breast cancer. Objective: To evaluate the level of CA15-3 of studied groups according to age categories, residence nearby industries, and history of breast feeding. Patients and Methods: This study was carried out at the Breast Surgery Outpatients and the Oncology Clinic at Oncology Teaching Hospital in Baghdad. It included 50 women who were newly diagnosed by oncology group to have had breast cancer and didn’t receive chemotherapy yet and 50 healthy women as control. Results: There was significant increase at (P> 0.05) in serum CA15-3 level of patients with age category (71-80) years (198.33 ± 136.60 U/ml) and significant elevation in serum CA15-3 level of patients who lived near industries or incinerators (120 ± 94.52 U/ml) also there was significant increase in serum CA15-3 level in healthy women with breast feeding history (25.8 ± 15.26 U/ml). Conclusion: CA15-3 level significantly elevated in elderly patients with age category (71-80) years and in patients with residence nearby industries or incinerators. Therefore, those patients at high risk of developing metastatic breast cancer or advanced stages of breast cancer

Immunomodulatory, gastroprotective and wound healing potential of Malaysian medicinal plants (phaleria macrocarpa and tinospora crispa) / Walaa Najm Abood

Phaleria macrocarpa (Scheff.) Boerl and Tinospora crispa (L.) are considered im-portant traditional medicines commonly used in Malaysia and South East Asian coun-tries. In this study, the ethanol extracts of P. macrocarpa fruit and T. crispa stems were evaluated for their immunomodulatory, gastroprotective and wound healing potential. In addition, acute toxicity and antioxidant activities were investigated using DPPH and FRAP values as well as the total phenolic and total flavonoid contents. The findings of this study suggest that the high antioxidant activity that was found in P. macrocarpa and T. crispa was due to the high-level of phenol and flavonoid content. According to the results of the acute toxicity study, P. macrocarpa and T. crispa should both be as-signed to the lowest toxicity class. The potential protective effects of P. macrocarpa and T. crispa on rat gastric mucosal injury induced by ethanol and to clarify the roles of gastrin, pepsin, prostaglandinE2 (PGE2), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), malondialdehyde (MDA), and inflammatory mediators; transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β1) and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Results showed signifi-cant ulcer protective effects through the reduction of the ulcer area by a significant ele-vation of gastric juice pH and an increase of mucus production, as well as a significant increase in the levels of inflammatory mediators PGE2 and TGF-β1 and a decrease in TNF-α. In addition, the groups pretreated with P. macrocarpa and T. crispa eehibited increased significant activity of SOD and CAT but significantly reduced MDA, gastrin and pepsin levels . For wound healing potential, groups were topically treated with the P. macrocarpa and T. crispa extracts daily for 15 days, and wound healing in this group was significantly accelerated compared with the control group. This result was attribut-ed to a significant increase in TGF-β1, SOD and CAT, and a significant decrease in the iii TNF-α and MDA level in the treated groups. Besides, there was also an effect on the apoptosis process by regulating the expression of BAX and BCL2 genes. To achieve the immunomodulatory effect of P.macrocarpa, T. crispa and their isolated fractions in ac-tivated macrophages to release cytokines as IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-8, a RAW264.7 macro-phage cell line was used to determine immunomodulatory activity by investigating in-tracellular cytokine expression. The results showed that there is an immunomodulatory effect of P.macrocarpa and T. crispa and their isolated fractions by increasing RAW 264.7 macrophage cell proliferation in a dose dependent manner, and significant induc-ing of the intracellular expression of cytokines IFN-γ, IL-6 and IL-8. In conclusion, our results prove that P. macrocarpa and T. crispa have a significant immunomodulatory effect as immunostimulators, giving protective effects against ethanol-induced gastric ulcers. These extracts also possess wound-healing capability by improving the activity of endogenous antioxidant enzymes and preventing free radical-mediated tissue injury besides significantly stimulating the inflammatory mediators, which also, play an im-portant role in the inflammation process, apoptosis regulation, and the remodeling phase in wound healing

Immune Response, Gene sequence to Contagious Ecthyma Virus (Orfv) Infected Lambs in Diyala Governorate, Iraq

Contagious ecyhyma Known (Orf, contagious pustular dermatitis, sore mouth, scabby mouth) a disease spreads easily and brought by the epitheliotropic. It’s endemic around the world and has a serious economic impact. This study aimed to understand the immune response mechanisms of the lambs to defense against Contagious ecthyma virus and molecular detection of the virus with the determining the sequence and mutant of the viral genome to 91 lambs (41 has clinical signs of Orfv and 50 control do not have clinical sign of Orfv) for the period extended from September 2022 to April 2023. Blood samples were collected from all above groups to apply for detection the level of IgM, IgG, IL-10, and IFN-γ of Orfv by ELISA test. Positive Orfv IgM was 75.6% infected lamb and 72% none infected, and positive Orfv IgG was 90.2% infected lamb and 88% none infected. The result was showed the level of IL-10 a significant increasing, in all Lambs positive IgM and IgG compared with control group. IFN-γ level showed non significant differences between all Lambs positive IgM and IgG compared with control group. Molecular detection of Orfv result was confirmed the positivity of all samples positive Orfv IgM. And the sequencing of the Orfv DNA showed a mutant in the some Allel compared with References strain registered at NCBI. Concluded: high prevalence of Orfv among lambs and happened mutants to the viral genome increased the virus’s virulence by affecting the immune response