390 research outputs found
Haltung, Gesundheit und gegenseitiges Besaugen von Kälbern auf biologischen Betrieben in Österreich
The aim of this project was to collect data about housing and health of dairy calves
and the occurrence of cross-sucking in organic dairy farms. A questionnaire was sent
to 300 organic dairy cow farms in Lower Austria. 99 questionnaires were returned
(33%). On average the farms kept 15 cows, nearly half of them in tie-stalls and half
loose-housed. 52 farms declared to keep calves group-housed from the first or the
second week of life (lw), 14 farms kept their calves always in single pens. 23 farms
weaned calves before lw 12, starting with lw5. Cross-sucking in calves occurred on 62
farms, intersucking in cows on 26 farms. Cross-sucking in calves was observed on
less farms with single housed calves compared to farms with group-housed calves,
according to expectations. But early group housing (start at latest on second week) did
not differ from later group housing (lw 3 – 8). Also, diseases were not associated with
type of housing. In sum, there is need for further advancement and advice to improve
calf housing and welfare
Muttergebundene Aufzucht in der Milchviehhaltung - langfristige Auswirkungen auf Verhalten und Wohlbefinden
The integration of dairy heifers into the cow herd shortly before their first parturition is a common management practice also in organic farming and is associated with stress. In this study we investigated whether the ability to cope with such challenges is affected by experiences during early age. Three groups of heifers which differed with respect to the contact to their mother during the first 12 weeks of life were compared. At the age of 25+/-0.2 months heifers were integrated individually into the cow herd and observed for 33 hours. Heifers reared with contact to their mother used the cubicles quicker and more consistently and also tended to differ in the social behaviour compared to the heifers reared without mother. These preliminary results suggest some positive long-term effects of mother-bonded rearing on later challenge response and welfare of dairy cattle
Age at cytomegalovirus, Epstein Barr virus and varicella zoster virus infection and risk of atopy: The Born in Bradford cohort, UK.
BACKGROUND: The prevalence of allergic diseases has increased in recent decades, but the causes remain unclear. Changes in the epidemiology of childhood infections could have contributed, but the current evidence is inconclusive. This study aims to investigate whether age at cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) or varicella zoster virus (VZV) infection is associated with the development of atopy. METHODS: A total of 2559 children were enrolled in the Born in Bradford Allergy and Infection Study. Serum samples collected at 12 and 24 months were tested for CMV-IgG, EBV-IgG and VZV-IgG for 1000 children to establish age at infection. Skin prick testing (SPT) was conducted at age 4 years. RESULTS: Serology and SPT results were available for 740 children. Of these, 135 (18%) were atopic. In girls, there was a strong association of CMV infection in the second year with increased odds of atopy (adjusted OR 4.38, 95% CI 1.87-10.29) but this was not observed in boys. Age at EBV or VZV infection was not associated with risk of atopy in unadjusted analysis, but there was effect modification by sex; girls infected with VZV in the second year of life had increased odds of atopy (adjusted OR 2.85, 95% CI 1.29-6.30). CONCLUSIONS: Our results highlight potential sex-specific effects of age at CMV infection and age at VZV infection on risk of atopy, which provide insight into the mechanisms involved in the development of atopy
Haltung von behornten und hornlosen Milchziegen in Großgruppen
Die Enthornung von Ziegen wird auch in der biologischen Milchziegenhaltung durchgeführt und mit einem hohen Risiko an Verletzungen und Stress in Herden mit behornten Tieren begründet. Wissenschaftliche Erkenntnisse über sozialen Stress und Verletzungen von Ziegen und den Einflussfaktoren lagen bisher insbesondere für große Milchziegenherden kaum vor. Ziel des Projektes war es, Daten hierzu im Zusammenhang mit der Behornung zu liefern. Auf 45 Milchziegenbetrieben wurde das Sozialverhalten der Ziegen beobachtet und die Verletzungen der Ziegen erhoben. Als potentielle Einflussfaktoren wurden Betriebsdaten, Stallbau und Management mittels strukturierten Interviews mit den Betriebsleitern bzw. eigener Erhebungen ermittelt. Potentielle Risiko- bzw. Erfolgsfaktoren wurden mit Hilfe von Regressionsmodellen identifiziert. Die Ursachen der Probleme liegen vor allem im Management (insbesondere Herdenmanagement und Fütterung), der Einstellung der Betriebsleiter und im Stallbau (z.B. Fressgittertyp). Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass eine tiergerechte Haltung behornter Ziegen ohne ein höheres Auftreten von Verletzungen möglich ist und auf eine Enthornung daher verzichtet werden kann
Optimierung der Milchgewinnung in der muttergebundenen Kälberaufzucht - kann der Kalbgeruch helfen?
Milchejektionshemmungen beim maschinellen Melken stand einer bereiten Anwendung der muttergebundenen Kälberaufzucht bisher entgegen. Es wurde geprüft, ob das Vorlegen eines Tuches, mit dem das eigene Kalb zuvor abgerieben wurde, die kalbführenden Kühe beim maschinellen Melken simuliert
Muttergebundene Kälberaufzucht – mehr lieferbare Milch durch temporären Kalbkontakt?
Die reduzierte Menge an lieferbarer Milch ist ein Nachteil der muttergebundenen Kälberhaltung. Die Limitierung des Kuh-Kalb-Kontaktes könnte eine Lösung sein. In unserer Studie wurden die Kälber in der Nacht zu ihren Müttern gelassen und zwischen Morgen- und Abendmelkzeit separiert (n=18). Die Menge der von diesen Kühen maschinell ermolkenen Milch lag um ca. 14 kg/ Tag niedriger als bei den Kontrollkühen (n=20), die keinen Kontakt zu ihren Kälbern hatten. Diese Differenz ist nicht viel kleiner als in früheren Studien in denen die Kälber permanent Kontakt zu ihren Müttern hatten. Zudem weist der reduzierte Fettgehalt der Milch säugender Kühe auf eine gestörte Alveolarmilchejektion hin. Folglich führt ein begrenzter Kuh-Kalb-Kantakt zu keiner bemerkenswerten Erhöhung der Menge lieferbarer Milch
Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus and varicella zoster virus infection in the first two years of life: a cohort study in Bradford, UK.
BACKGROUND: Cytomegalovirus (CMV), Epstein Barr virus (EBV) and varicella-zoster virus (VZV) are common herpesviruses frequently acquired in childhood, which establish persistent, latent infection and are likely to impact the developing immune system. Little is known about the epidemiology of CMV and EBV infections in contemporary UK paediatric populations, particularly whether age at infection differs by ethnic group. METHODS: Children enrolled in the Born in Bradford Allergy and Infection Study had a blood sample taken and a questionnaire completed at 12 and 24 months of age. Ordered logistic regression quantified associations between ethnicity and other risk factors and age at CMV/EBV/VZV infection (<12 months, 12-24 months, uninfected at 24 months). RESULTS: Pakistani children (n = 472) were more likely to be infected with CMV and EBV at a younger age than White British children (n = 391) (CMV: adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.53, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.47-4.33; EBV: adjusted OR 2.16, 95% CI 1.43-3.26). Conversely, Pakistani children had lower odds of being VZV infected in the second year than White British children (adjusted OR 0.57, 95% CI 0.33-0.97). There was a strong association between increasing birth order and later CMV infection in Pakistani children. CONCLUSIONS: We report large differences in CMV and EBV incidence in the first 2 years between Pakistani and White British children born in Bradford, which cannot be explained by differences in risk factors for infection. Our data will inform the optimum schedule for future CMV and EBV vaccination programmes
Kiri Theodor Wagner'ile
Waiblinger, Wilhelm Friedrich, 1804-1830, saksa luuletajaWagner, Theodor, 1800-1880, skulptorJutustab oma tööst ja reisiplaanides
- …