818 research outputs found
Resiliens och lönsamhet i agrara produktionssystem vid stigande rÄvarupriser : en jÀmförande studie mellan ekologisk och konventionell vÀxtodling
VÀxtodling i Sverige bedrivs huvudsakligen pÄ tvÄ olika vis, konventionellt eller ekologiskt. Den största skillnaden mellan systemen Àr avsaknaden av handelsgödsel och bekÀmpningsmedel inom den ekologiska odlingen. Detta medför lÀgre avkastning och större ogrÀsproblematik. Vid en jÀmförelse av lönsamheten mellan de bÄda systemen har lönsamheten varit högre för den ekologiska vÀxtodlingen under de senaste fem Ären, detta pÄ grund av högre avsalupriser för ekologiska grödor samt högre bidrag för ekologisk produktion.
Dagens marknad har till följd av bland annat oroligheterna i Ukraina lett till höga, volatila och fluktuerande priser pÄ insatsvaror till lantbruket vilket har gett ökade kostnader för vÀxtodlare. Detta arbete har analyserat vilket odlingssystem som Àr mest resilient, ekonomiskt motstÄndskraftigt, mot ökade priser pÄ insatsmedel, samt vilket system som gynnas ekonomiskt av högre prisnivÄer. Författarna har genom modellering av tvÄ liknande vÀxtodlingsgÄrdar kunnat se vad ökade prisnivÄer pÄ insatsmedel samt avsalugrödor gör med lönsamheten i respektive system. Ett ökat gödningspris pÄverkade de totala kostnaderna mest av de studerade insatsmedlen. Vid ökning av bÄde försÀljningspris och pris pÄ insatsmedel ökade bÄde produktioninriktningarnas lönsamhet. Den konventionella odlingens lönsamhet ökar dock mer vid en sÄdan utveckling dÄ dess intÀkter idag baseras pÄ en mindre del bidrag som inte pÄverkas av prisuppgÄng.At the moment, conventional and organic crop cultivation are the two main specializations in Swedish plant farming. Organic farming differs from conventional farming in that it does not use commercial fertilizers or pesticides. This results in lesser yields and more weed issues. However, when comparing the profitability of the two methods, organic crop growing has been more profitable, due to higher sales prices and subsidy to organic production. As a result of, among other things, the instability in Ukraine, today's market has resulted in high, volatile, and shifting prices for agricultural inputs, resulting in higher expenses for crop growers. This study looked at which cultivation systems are the most economically resilient to rising input prices, as well as which systems benefit economically from higher pricing. Through modelation, two similar crop farms were designed to see how rising price levels did affect the profitability of each system. An increased fertilizer price affected the total costs of most of the inputs studied. The profitability of both production systems increased as the selling price and input prices increased
A short note on Merlin-Arthur protocols for subset sum
In the subset sum problem we are given n positive integers along with a
target integer t. A solution is a subset of these integers summing to t. In
this short note we show that for a given subset sum instance there is a proof
of size of what the number of solutions is that can be
constructed in time and can be probabilistically verified in time
with at most constant error probability. Here, the
notation omits factors polynomial in the input size .Comment: 2 page
âNormal citizensâ versus âRowdiesâ: police categorisations of protesters in Germany
The paper investigates police perceptions of protesters. Based on group discussions with riot police and interviews with high ranking officers, six domains are analysed as dimensions of a risk constellation contributing to the emergence of an enemy image of the protester. The findings suggest that labels describing the âpolice counterpartâ often express distance and opposition (1) and depoliticise demonstrations (2). Furthermore, formal (3) and informal (4) categorisations of protesters as well as the perception of indications of threat in policing practice (5) are examined. Bipolar patterns of classification of protesters were found to be influential. Classifications are partly based in the law and partly in particularistic and normative subcultural attributions of legitimacy which police transfer into their organisational interpretive schemata distinguishing between legality/illegality. For explanatory means the study utilises perspectives of organisational sociology as well as the cultural distance between the police and the protesters (6). This is further elaborated using the social figure of the ânormal citizenâ, in which specific police conceptions of normality are condensed and which serves as a threshold for the perception of deviant protesters. Besides the implications for theory of democracy of the analysed clichĂ©s and enemy images the findings conclusively suggest that the distanced to hostile relationship between the police and some protesters does not merely represent a pedagogical or âpracticalâ problem of the police, but is the expression of a certain conflict structure. In this structure organisational and individual factors on the side of the police as well as their actual conflict experience at demonstrations converge
Key Human Factors Concepts of Artificial Intelligence Awareness:Transparency, Communication, and Trust
Key Human Factors Concepts of Artificial Intelligence Awareness:Transparency, Communication, and Trust
Freedom and dependency from a feminist perspective - a comparison between Nina Björk, Martha C. Nussbaum and Simone de Beauvoir
This paper will deal with the complex interaction between our individual freedom (independence) and our deep need of other people (dependency). Western women often say that non-Western women are not free as a consequence of tradition and culture. It is rarer that we question our own so called freedom. My main purpose is to take a closer look at the relationship between independence and neediness in order to see why this relationship is problematic but also what good it might bring. This paper is an analysis of three prominent feminists? arguments regarding this matter. I have turned to Nina Björk, Martha C. Nussbaum and Simone de Beauvoir in order to find answers to my questions. My results are a reflection of the complications but also the possibilities that this interaction creates. Feminist theory is occupied with this question as well and my choice to consult the above mentioned feminists is no coincidence. Their some what opaque position is a trend within feminist theory which today lacks a coherent reference point as far as women and women's rights are concerned
How many cops to arrest climate chaos?:Mass policing of protests at COP26
In advance of the 26th Conference of the Parties (COP26) summit in Glasgow in 2021, Police Scotland insisted that human rights and facilitation would be central to their operation. When the event passed off peacefully, without any of the mass arrests and disorder seen at previous iterations of COP, the Police declared it a huge success. We draw on research with activists and officers to scrutinize this claim and analyse the policing of COP26. Literature on protest policing suggests that global summits are distinctive, because the interplay between the security of Heads of state and other dignitaries, the local community and protestors is heavily biased in favour of security at such events. We suggest that this remains the case, despite the police emphasis on facilitation. We conclude that the âhuman-rights based approachâ to policing is poorly defined and unevenly implemented and means different things to police and protestors. A fundamental rethinking of existing approaches and priorities is required for it to be meaningful
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