Penetrating radiation system for detecting the amount of liquid in a tank Patent

Radiation source and detection system for measuring amount of liquid inside tanks independently of liquid configuratio

Circulating Subbeam Systems and the Physics of Pulsar Emission

The purpose of this paper is to suggest how detailed single-pulse observations of ``slow'' radio pulsars may be utilized to construct an empirical model for their emission. It links the observational synthesis developed in a series of papers by Rankin starting in the 1980s to the more recent empirical feedback model of Wright (2003a) by regarding the entire pulsar magnetosphere as a non-steady, non-linear interactive system with a natural built-in delay. It is argued that the enhanced role of the outer gap in such a system indicates an evolutionary link to younger pulsars, in which this region is thought to be highly active, and that pulsar magnetospheres should no longer be seen as being ``driven'' by events on the neutron star's polar cap, but as having more in common with planetary magnetospheres and auroral phenomena.Comment: 15 pages, 3 figure

Searching a biomedical bibliographic database from the Ukraine: the Panteleimon database

The Panteleimon database is available via the Internet and is a public access, database, capable of being searched in English, Russian and Ukrainian, covering medical, pharmaceutical, and chemical publications, published in he Ukraine and Russia from 1998. Describes the formulation of a search strategy for the Panteleimon database, for the identification of citations to randomized controlled trials (RCTs), and the comparison of the search results with records included in the Cochrane Library's Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) database, to evaluate how comprehensive the coverage of the CENTRAL database is for the literature of the Ukraine. The results indicated that Panteleimon is an easily accessible bibliographic database offering easy access to the Ukrainian biomedical literature. The English language retrieval functions picked up most of the reports of RCTs/CCTs (91 per cent precision but the lower recall of 55 per cent indicates the need to search using Russian and Ukrainian terms for completeness. The overall precision of 26 per cent compares favourably with a search for RCTs in EMBASE, carried out by the UK Cochrane Centre, where 70,000 reports of RCTs were identified from 300,000 records down-loaded (precision 23 per cent). (Quotes from original text

Do elliptical galaxies have thick disks?

The authors discuss new evidence which supports the existence of thick disks in elliptical/SO galaxies. Numerical simulations of weak interactions with thick disk systems produce shell structures very similar in appearance to those observed in many shell galaxies. The authors think this model presents a more plausible explanation for the formation of shell structures in elliptical/SO galaxies than does the merger model and, if correct, supports the existence of thick disks in elliptical/SO galaxies

Behavioural compensatory adjustments to exercise training in overweight women

<b>Purpose:</b> To examine extent to which changes in non-exercise physical activity contribute to individual differences in body fat loss induced by exercise programs. <b>Methods:</b> Thirty four overweight/obese sedentary women (age: 31.7 +/- 8.1 years, BMI: 29.3 +/- 4.3 kg m-2) exercised for 8 weeks. Body composition, total energy expenditure (TEE), exercise EE (ExEE), activity EE (AEE) calculated as energy expenditure of all active activities minus ExEE, sedentary EE (SEDEE), sleeping EE (SEE), and energy intake were determined before and during the last week of the exercise intervention. <b>Results:</b> Over the 8-week exercise program net ExEE was 30.2 +/- 12.6 MJ and based on this, body fat loss was predicted to be 0.8 +/- 0.2 kg. For the group as a whole, change in body fat (-0.0 +/- 0.2 kg) was not significant but individual body fat changes ranged from -3.2 kg to +2.6 kg. Eleven participants achieved equal or more than the predicted body fat loss and were classified as 'Responders' and 23 subjects achieved less than the predicted fat loss and were classified as 'Non-responders'. In the group as a whole, daily TEE was increased by 0.62 +/- 0.30 MJ (p<0.05) and the change tended to be different between groups (Responders, +1.44 +/- 0.49 MJ; Non-responders, +0.29 +/- 0.36 MJ, p=0.08). Changes in daily AEE of Responders and Non-responders differed significantly between groups (Responders, +0.79 +/- 0.50 MJ; Non-responders, -0.62 +/- 0.39 MJ, p<0.05). There were no differences between Responders and Non-responders for changes in SEDEE and SEE or energy intake. <b>Conclusion:</b> Overweight and obese women who during exercise intervention achieve lower than predicted fat loss are compensating by being less active outside exercise sessions

Structural, vibrational and thermal properties of densified silicates : insights from Molecular Dynamics

Structural, vibrational and thermal properties of densified sodium silicate (NS2) are investigated with classical molecular dynamics simulations of the glass and the liquid state. A systematic investigation of the glass structure with respect to density was performed. We observe a repolymerization of the network manifested by a transition from a tetrahedral to an octahedral silicon environment, the decrease of the amount of non-bridging oxygen atoms and the appearance of three-fold coordinated oxygen atoms (triclusters). Anomalous changes in the medium range order are observed, the first sharp diffraction peak showing a minimum of its full-width at half maximum according to density. The previously reported vibrational trends in densified glasses are observed, such as the shift of the Boson peak intensity to higher frequencies and the decrease of its intensity. Finally, we show that the thermal behavior of the liquid can be reproduced by the Birch-Murnaghan equation of states, thus allowing us to compute the isothermal compressibility

People and guns involved in denied and completed handgun sales

Objective: Denial of handgun purchases by prohibited people and knowledge of the structure of gun commerce have helped to deter and prevent firearm violence. The authors hypothesize that handguns involved in a denied purchase would more closely resemble those used in crime compared with handguns sold. Design: Cross sectional. Setting: Denied and completed handgun sales in California, 1998 -- 2000. Main outcome measures: Handgun and purchaser characteristics of denied and completed sales were compared. In particular, handgun characteristics most closely associated with crime guns (type, caliber, barrel length, price) were examined. Results: Compared with handguns sold, handguns in denied sales were somewhat more likely to be semiautomatic pistols (74.6% v 69.4%), to have short barrels (25.9% v 22.2%), and be of medium caliber (48.9% v 37.3%). Ten percent of the handguns in denied sales and 3.4% of handguns sold were identified as inexpensive. Conclusions: The characteristics of denied handguns are similar to those seen among crime guns. Both groups of guns may reflect the desirability for criminal purposes of pistols, which have larger ammunition capacities than other handguns, and short barrels, which increase their ability to be concealed