1,302 research outputs found
Statistics in Focus: Population and social conditions. HOUSEHOLD BUDGETS BETWEEN 1988 AND 1994. 1999.3
Statistics in Focus: Population and social conditions. Women and men beyond retirement. 2002.21
Bloggar i kosmetikförsÀljning : En studie ur kosmetikförsÀljarens perspektiv
Syftet med detta examensarbete Ă€r att undersöka bloggarnas roll ur en kosmetikförsĂ€ljares perspektiv. I arbetet undersöker jag vilken nytta företagen har av att deras produkter eller tjĂ€nster syns i bloggar och hur kosmetikförsĂ€ljaren upplever att bloggar har pĂ„verkat deras dagliga arbete. Bloggarna Ă€r ett relativt nytt fenomen och vĂ€xer kontinuerligt. PĂ„ grund av att vĂ€rlden digitaliseras har ocksĂ„ marknadsföringen fĂ„tt nya drag och fortsĂ€tter att förĂ€ndras stĂ€ndigt. Examensarbetet bestĂ„r av en litteraturdel dĂ€r jag presenterar den sociala median generellt, diskuterar försĂ€ljningstekniker och redogör för vad en blogg Ă€r och hur produkter syns i dem. Undersökningen utfördes genom att utföra kvalitativa intervjuer. I intervjuerna intervjuades kvinnokosmetikförsĂ€ljaren i Ă„ldern 20-40 Ă„r för att fĂ„ reda pĂ„ hur de upplever bloggar som marknadsförings- och försĂ€ljningsverktyg och hur de anser att bloggar har pĂ„verkat deras arbete. Resultatet indikerar att bloggar syns inom kosmetikbranschen dagligen och att kosmetikförsĂ€ljarna anser att bloggar pĂ„verkat bĂ„de konsumenternas köpbeteende men ocksĂ„ deras egen försĂ€ljningsteknik dĂ„ majoriteten av respondenterna lĂ€ser bloggar för att skapa bĂ€ttre kunskap om produkterna som de sĂ€ljer.The purpose of this thesis is to study the role of blogs from a cosmetics salespersonâs perspective. In this study I study what benefits companies get from having their products or services appear on blogs and how cosmetics salesperson feel about blogs and how have they affected their daily work. Blogs are a relatively new phenomenon and the blog business is growing continuously. The world is getting more digitized and because of that also marketing has got new features and continues to change constantly. The thesis consists of a theoretical part where I present the social media in general, discuss sales techniques and explain what a blog is and how products display in them. The study was conducted by conducting qualitative interviews. In the interviews I interviewed female cosmetics saleswomen in the age of 20-40 years to find out how they perceive blogs as marketing and sales tools, and how they feel that blogs have influenced their work. The result indicates that blogs are visible daily in the cosmetics industry and cosmetics saleswomen believe that blogs have affected both consumer purchasing behavior but also their own sales techniques as the majority of the respondents in the interview read blogs to get better in-formation of products they sell
Leakage current and breakdown of HfO2/InGaAs MOS capacitors
With the constant downscaling of transistors, silicon as a production material is falling out of favour because of increasing power consumption when the size of devices becomes smaller. Compound materials from group III-V in the table of elements are promising candidates to replace silicon. The aim of this work was to study current-voltage characteristics of a MOS capacitor made of the III-V compound InGaAs. Three samples were produced using atomic layer deposition (ALD) to apply an oxide layer of the high-Îș material HfO2 on the InGaAs surface. The thicknesses of these oxide layers were 4 nm, 6 nm and 6 nm where one of the 6 nm samples underwent post-metallisation annealing (PMA). The electric field required to cause a hard breakdown through the oxide was found to be ~0.81 GV/m for the 6 nm annealed sample, ~0.90 GV/m for the 6 nm as deposited sample and ~1.13 GV/m for the 4 nm sample. In all three samples, the breakdown field was widely distributed which indicates an InGaAs-HfO2 interface with a large variation in density of interface traps across the layer. The breakdown field was found to decrease with oxide thickness and PMA treatment, which might be attributed to a percolation path through the oxide being created more easily due to higher polycrystallinity in the thicker oxides. The dominant leakage mechanism at higher biases was determined to be Fowler-Nordheim tunneling and was assumed to be direct tunneling or trap assisted tunneling at low bias. Temperature dependency measurements suggested that trap assisted tunneling gained significance at low bias when the temperature increased.Antalet mĂ€nniskor i vĂ€rlden med tillgĂ„ng till elektroniska produkter som datorer och smartphones ökar kraftigt. I takt med att antalet produkter gĂ„r upp sĂ„ ökar Ă€ven deras prestanda. Men Ă€r det bara att fortsĂ€tta bygga mindre och bĂ€ttre komponenter för alltid? I den hĂ€r artikeln beskrivs ett bekymmer som uppstĂ„r dĂ„ elektroniska komponenter blir mindre, och nĂ„gra resultat frĂ„n ett arbete som utförts i ett försök att hitta lösningar till problemet. Datorer, smartphones och liknande moderna elektroniska produkter har en sak gemensamt: de skulle inte existera om det inte vore för transistorer. De komponenter som bygger upp alla tekniska prylar innehĂ„ller mĂ„nga miljoner, eller till och med miljarder, transistorer. Transistorns funktion kan liknas lite med en dörr. NĂ€r ström gĂ„r igenom en komponent i datorn sĂ„ tar den olika vĂ€gar beroende om dörrarna den passerar Ă€r öppna eller stĂ€ngda. UtifrĂ„n den vĂ€g genom labyrinten av dörrar som strömmen tar sĂ„ tolkar datorn hĂ€ndelsen pĂ„ olika sĂ€tt. Den vanligaste typen av transistor Ă€r en MOSFET (Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor) som bestĂ„r av tre lager av en metall, en oxid och en halvledare. Genom historien har kisel varit det absolut dominanta halvledarmaterialet och kiseldioxid har anvĂ€nts som oxidlager. Men nĂ€r teknologin gĂ„r framĂ„t sĂ„ gĂ„r storleken pĂ„ elektroniska produkter och transistorer nedĂ„t, och dĂ„ uppstĂ„r ett problem med kiseltransistorer. NĂ€r transistorn Ă€r vĂ€ldigt liten sĂ„ börjar det lĂ€cka ström igenom oxidlagret. Denna lĂ€ckta ström gĂ„r förlorad, vilket innebĂ€r att energikonsumtionen gĂ„r upp. För att lösa problemet med ökad energikonsumtion sĂ„ kan andra Ă€mnen Ă€n kisel anvĂ€ndas vid tillverkningen av transistorerna. Indiumgalliumarsenid som halvledare och hafniumdioxid som oxidlager Ă€r en lovande kombination av Ă€mnen. Med hafniumdioxid istĂ€llet för kiseldioxid kan transistorn tillverkas pĂ„ ett sĂ€tt sĂ„ att lĂ€ckströmmen blir mycket mindre, trots att storleken pĂ„ transistorn minskar, för att undvika en ökning av energikonsumtionen. Indiumgalliumarsenid har ocksĂ„ sina fördelar över kisel som halvledarmaterial. I indiumgalliumarsenid kan strömmen röra sig snabbare Ă€n i kisel, vilket gör att processer i datorn kan ske kvickare. Det kan ses som att dörrarna öppnas eller stĂ€ngs snabbare mellan varje kommando som datorn ska tolka. I indiumgalliumarsenid krĂ€vs det Ă€ven mindre energi för att öppna eller stĂ€nga en dörr, vilket ocksĂ„ leder till lĂ€gre energikonsumtion. I det hĂ€r arbetet undersöktes transistorer av indiumgalliumarsenid och hafniumdioxid för att jĂ€mföra hur olika tillverkningsprocesser pĂ„verkar deras egenskaper. Det mĂ€ttes bl.a. hur mycket lĂ€ckström det gĂ„r igenom hafniumdioxiden för olika tjocklekar av lagret. Det mĂ€ttes ocksĂ„ hur mycket transistorerna tĂ„l innan de gĂ„r sönder, vilket de gör om de utsĂ€tts för en för hög spĂ€nning. I tillverkningsprocessen finns det mĂ„nga andra parametrar Ă€n tjockleken som kan Ă€ndras om man vill jĂ€mföra olika metoder, och ofta sĂ„ glödgas transistorn efter tillverkning i ett försök att förbĂ€ttra dess egenskaper. Glödgning Ă€r en process dĂ€r transistorn behandlas i en ugn och vĂ€rms upp till en hög temperatur under en liten tid. Det visade sig att transistorerna med ett lite tunnare lager hafniumdioxid pĂ„ 4 nm var tĂ„ligare Ă€n de med 6 nm. Vid jĂ€mförelser av olika transistorer tillverkade i det hĂ€r arbetet sĂ„ visade det sig ocksĂ„ att resultaten försĂ€mrades hos transistorer som glödgats under tillverkningsprocessen. Bland alla fördelar med indiumgalliumarsenid och hafniumdioxid över motsvarande kiselĂ€mnen sĂ„ finns det förstĂ„s Ă€ven nackdelar. Kisel Ă€r otroligt lĂ€ttillgĂ€ngligt och billigt eftersom det utvinns ur sand, och transistorer av kisel Ă€r vĂ€ldigt lĂ€tta att tillverka. Detsamma kan inte sĂ€gas för indiumgalliumarsenid och hafniumdioxid dĂ€r Ă€mnena Ă€r dyra och processen att fĂ€sta oxidlagret pĂ„ halvledaren Ă€r mycket svĂ„rare att fĂ„ rĂ€tt Ă€n vad det Ă€r med kisel. Förhoppningarna Ă€r dock stora om att det inom en snar framtid ska finnas lösningar till hands som bĂ„de kan öka prestandan och minska energikonsumtionen hos elektroniska produkter utan en alltför stor ökning av kostnaden
Targeted therapy in chronic lymphocytic leukemia
Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is characterized by the accumulation of mature B
lymphocytes in blood, bone marrow and lymphoid tissues. Historically, patients with TP53
aberration and with refractoriness to chemoimmunotherapy had a dismal prognosis. During the past
few years a paradigm shift has taken place in the treatment of CLL as new, targeted agents have
been introduced.
The aim of this thesis was to explore targeted agents in patients with advanced CLL.
In the first study, the safety and efficacy of lenalidomide in combination with alemtuzumab was
explored in a phase I-II trial. The rational was that lenalidomide has its major effects in lymph nodes
and alemtuzumab in the bone marrow. Furthermore, the capacity of low-dose lenalidomide in
maintaining immune functions in advanced-phase CLL patients during alemtuzumab treatment was
evaluated. The combination showed an acceptable safety profile as well as clinical efficacy with an
overall response rate (ORR) of 58%. Median response duration was 12 months. Lenalidomide had a
narrow therapeutic dose range, 2.5 mg/day was not efficient, and the maximum tolerated dose was 5
mg/day. Low-dose lenalidomide increased the frequency of proliferating CD8+ T cells but had no
effect on the immune checkpoint marker, programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), on T cells. After
combination treatment, granzyme B+ T cells increased. In conclusion, low-dose lenalidomide and
alemtuzumab induced major changes in T cells, including increased proliferative activity and
cytotoxic potential.
In the second study, the safety and efficacy of ibrutinib in combination with alemtuzumab was
explored in a phase I trial. The rational was that ibrutinib has its major effects in lymph nodes and
alemtuzumab in the bone marrow. Further, the toxicity profiles differ. The treatment combination
was efficient: 7 out of 8 patients responded to treatment and 7 achieved minimal residual disease
negativity. Within 2 weeks, ibrutinib led to decreased proliferation of CLL cells and T cells. After 4
weeks of ibrutinib therapy, PD-1 expression was unchanged on T cells. Due to a high rate of
opportunistic infections, the study was closed in advance and we recommend against the
combination of ibrutinib and alemtuzumab.
In the third study, the safety and efficacy of ibrutinib, when used in routine health care, was
evaluated. Ninety-five consecutive patients, treated in a compassionate use program, were analyzed.
At a median follow-up of 10 months, the ORR was 84%, the progression free survival (PFS) rate
was 77% and the overall survival (OS) rate was 83%. PFS and OS were significantly inferior in
patients with TP53 aberration. Atrial fibrillation occurred in 8% and Richter transformation (RT)
occurred in 7% of patients. Half of the patients would not have met the inclusion criteria for the
pivotal study of ibrutinib: this demonstrates the real-world representativity of the patients. The
observed efficacy and toxicity of ibrutinib in the study were similar to that in pivotal studies.
In the fourth study, a long-term follow-up of the patients in the compassionate use program for
ibrutinib was carried out. At 30-month follow-up, the ORR rate was unchanged at 84%, the PFS
rate was 52% and the OS rate was 63%. Fifty-one percent of patients remained on treatment. In
contrast to the early (10-month) report, TP53 aberration had no negative survival impact. In
multivariate analyses, OS was significantly associated with baseline comorbidities and PFS was
associated with baseline comorbidities and number of prior therapies. Fifty-one percent of the
patients had grade 3-4 infections and 13% had grade 3-5 opportunistic infections. Fifteen percent
developed atrial fibrillation. RT occurred in 13%. Twenty-six percent of patients had dose
reduction or temporary treatment breaks, which had no significant impact on the outcome. Four of
6 patients who had progressive disease while on ibrutinib were tested for mutation of Brutonâs
tyrosine kinase. All of them carried the most common mutation leading to ibrutinib resistance. In
conclusion, ibrutinib was effective and well tolerated for long-term use. The observed efficacy of
ibrutinib was somewhat inferior to that of pivotal studies. The observed frequencies of treatment
discontinuation and dose reductions were greater than in clinical studies
Biodiversity and biological control
Agricultural intensity on the local field or farm scale and on the regional landscape scale affects the organisms utilizing the arable landscape, and may affect ecosystem
services and functions.
This thesis examines how plants, birds, community composition of ground beetles, and biological control of cereal aphids are affected by local agricultural intensity, organic farming and the surrounding landscape in Sweden and across Europe. The contribution of naturally occurring predator groups to the control of
cereal aphid populations in complex and simple arable landscapes is also examined.
Overall, an increase in yield or pesticide use decreased species richness of all
studied organisms, and reduced the biological control potential. Organic farming was beneficial to plants, whereas the effect on ground beetles and birds differed
between studies. Organic farming enhanced biological control potential in heterogeneous landscapes only. On conventional farms the biological control was similarly high in all landscapes. Plants and birds were more abundant and species rich in heterogeneous landscapes, whereas ground beetles, especially omnivores, were more abundant in homogeneous landscapes. Ground-dwelling and flying
predators reduced both the density and population growth rate of cereal aphids.
This thesis will improve the understanding of effects of agricultural intensity on biodiversity and biological control of cereal aphids across Europe. Although results
vary among taxa and trait groups, they show that a shift towards farming with minimal pesticide use over large areas would affect biodiversity positively. The thesis also shows that naturally occurring predators are able to suppress cereal aphids and thereby reduce the need for insecticide applications. Finally, local management and landscape complexity need to be considered when developing future agri-environment schemes
Statistics in Focus: Population and social conditions. Women and men migrating to and from the European Union. 2003.2
Statistics in Focus: Population and social conditions. Women and men working weekends and their family circumstances. 2002.14
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