Changing traditions : a summary report on the first global look at the gender dimensions of fisheries

Fisheries, Sex, Women

Fabrication of an in-plane SU-8 cantilever with integrated strain gauge for wall shear stress measurements in fluid flows.

We present a cantilever fabricated from the polymer SU-8 for the measurement of wall shear stress in fluid flows. The pressure induced deflection of the cantilever, measured using a calibrated and integrated nichrome strain gauge, can be related to the wall shear stress on the surface. The initial degree of curvature of the cantilever can be controlled via the exposure dose, which allows a small positive deflection to be achieved, and so minimises the intrusion into the flow. Wind tunnel testing results show a sensitivity greater than 2.5 mV/Pa, with a shear stress of 0.38 Pa and excitation of 1 V

Solid oxide fuel cell commercialization in the United States

This paper discusses aspects of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) technology commercialization in the US. It provides the status of the major SOFC developments occurring in the US by addressing both intermediate- and high-temperature SOFC`s, several SOFC designs, including both planar and tubular, and SOFC system configurations. This paper begins with general characteristics, proceeds with designs and system configurations, and finishes with a discussion of commercialization, funding, and policies. The US Department of Energy`s (DOE) Morgantown Energy Technology Center (METC) is the lead US DOE center for the implementation of a Research, Development, and Demonstration Program to develop fuel cells for stationary power. METC`s stakeholders include the electric power and gas industries, as well as fuel cell developers and others. This paper offers some new perspectives on SOFC development and commercialization which come from the broad consideration of the commercialization efforts of the entire fuel cell industry

Carbonate fuel cell powerplant development and commercialization

CFC powerplants offer the potential for ultrahigh efficiency energy conversion and the enhancement of the quality of our environment. Since combustion is not utilized, CFCs generate very low amounts of NOx. CFC powerplants have been exempt from air permitting requirements in California, Massachusetts. CFC is attractive for both polluted urban areas and remote applications. It is ideal as a distributed generator (sited at or near the electricity user). The US CFC developers enjoy the support of user groups (utility, other end-user members). DOE cooperates with GRI and EPRI in funding the US CFC program

U.S. solid oxide fuel cell powerplant development and commercialization

SOFC powerplants have many potential attributes which make them suitable for distributed generation applications. Power densities for SOFCs are very promising. Power densities possibilities of 20 watts per square centimeter have been reported to be possible. Westinghouse Electric is the leader in tubular SOFC technology. Several completely packaged and self-contained generators, up to nominal 25-kW size, have been manufactured and tested by Westinghouse Electric. A manufacturing facility currently produces these generators. In the US, several planar designs are also under development. Organizations developing planar designs include IGT, Celamalec, Ztek, TMI, and Allied Signal Aerospace. One of the most promising developments in SOFC powerplants is the conceptual development of very high efficiency fuel cell gas turbine powerplants. Combination of SOFC and turbine has the potential for enormous synergies

Fuel cell market applications

This is a review of the US (and international) fuel cell development for the stationary power generation market. Besides DOE, GRI, and EPRI sponsorship, the US fuel cell program has over 40% cost-sharing from the private sector. Support is provided by user groups with over 75 utility and other end-user members. Objectives are to develop and demonstrate cost-effective fuel cell power generation which can initially be commercialized into various market applications using natural gas fuel by the year 2000. Types of fuel cells being developed include PAFC (phosphoric acid), MCFC (molten carbonate), and SOFC (solid oxide); status of each is reported. Potential international applications are reviewed also. Fuel cells are viewed as a force in dispersed power generation, distributed power, cogeneration, and deregulated industry. Specific fuel cell attributes are discussed: Fuel cells promise to be one of the most reliable power sources; they are now being used in critical uninterruptible power systems. They need hydrogen which can be generated internally from natural gas, coal gas, methanol landfill gas, or other fuels containing hydrocarbons. Finally, fuel cell development and market applications in Japan are reviewed briefly

Global Symposium on Women in Fisheries

All over the world, women contribute in multiple ways to the production, processing, marketing and management of fish and other living aquatic resources. The first ever Global Symposium on Women in Fisheries, held in Kaohsiung, Taiwan on 29 November 2001 generated the present collection of papers on women in fisheries. The reader of this volume will find in it a wealth of information, albeit in a very heterogeneous form, that the authors have had to draw from many different sources. Some are primary research studies whereas most are historical reviews from first hand experience of the authors or derived from other written materials, often contained in reports of fisheries development projects, newspapers and source materials well outside the fish sectors.Women, Participation, Sustainability, Poverty, Fisheries, Development projects, Fishery technology

H2 in the interstitial channels of nanotube bundles

The equation of state of H2 adsorbed in the interstitial channels of a carbon nanotube bundle has been calculated using the diffusion Monte Carlo method. The possibility of a lattice dilation, induced by H2 adsorption, has been analyzed by modeling the cohesion energy of the bundle. The influence of factors like the interatomic potentials, the nanotube radius and the geometry of the channel on the bundle swelling is systematically analyzed. The most critical input is proved to be the C-H2 potential. Using the same model than in planar graphite, which is expected to be also accurate in nanotubes, the dilation is observed to be smaller than in previous estimations or even inexistent. H2 is highly unidimensional near the equilibrium density, the radial degree of freedom appearing progressively at higher densities.Comment: Accepted for publication in PR