117,448 research outputs found
Optimal Quantum Circuits for General Two-Qubit Gates
In order to demonstrate non-trivial quantum computations experimentally, such
as the synthesis of arbitrary entangled states, it will be useful to understand
how to decompose a desired quantum computation into the shortest possible
sequence of one-qubit and two-qubit gates. We contribute to this effort by
providing a method to construct an optimal quantum circuit for a general
two-qubit gate that requires at most 3 CNOT gates and 15 elementary one-qubit
gates. Moreover, if the desired two-qubit gate corresponds to a purely real
unitary transformation, we provide a construction that requires at most 2 CNOTs
and 12 one-qubit gates. We then prove that these constructions are optimal with
respect to the family of CNOT, y-rotation, z-rotation, and phase gates.Comment: 6 pages, 8 figures, new title, final journal versio
Traction-drive force transmission for telerobotic joints
A mechanism which meets the requirements of a teleoperated manipulator and those of an autonomous robot is discussed. The mechanism is a traction-drive differential that uses variable preload mechanisms. The differential provides compact design, with dextrous motion range and torque density similar to geared systems. The traction drive offers high stiffness to backlash for good robotic performance. The variable-loading mechanism (VLM) minimizes the drive-train friction for improved teleoperation. This combination provides a mechanism to allow advanced manipulation with either teleoperated control or autonomous robotic operation. The design principles of both major components of the joint mechanism are described
Z' mass limits and the naturalness of supersymmetry
The discovery of a 125 GeV Higgs boson and rising lower bounds on the masses
of superpartners have lead to concerns that supersymmetric models are now fine
tuned. Large stop masses, required for a 125 GeV Higgs, feed into the
electroweak symmetry breaking conditions through renormalisation group
equations forcing one to fine tune these parameters to obtain the correct
electroweak vacuum expectation value. Nonetheless this fine tuning depends
crucially on our assumptions about the supersymmetry breaking scale. At the
same time extensions provide the most compelling solution to the
-problem, which is also a naturalness issue, and allow the tree level
Higgs mass to be raised substantially above . These very well motivated
supersymmetric models predict a new boson which could be discovered at the
LHC and the naturalness of the model requires that the boson mass should
not be too far above the TeV scale. Moreover this fine tuning appears at the
tree level, making it less dependent on assumptions about the supersymmetry
breaking mechanism. Here we study this fine tuning for several
supersymmetric extensions of the Standard Model and compare it to the situation
in the MSSM where the most direct tree level fine tuning can be probed through
chargino mass limits. We show that future LHC searches are extremely
important for challenging the most natural scenarios in these models.Comment: 58 pages, 5 figures; typos corrected, references added; matches
version to be published in Phys. Rev.
The color of sea level: importance of spatial variations in spectral shape for assessing the significance of trends
We investigate spatial variations in the shape of the spectrum of sea level variability, based on a homogeneously-sampled 12-year gridded altimeter dataset. We present a method of plotting spectral information as color, focusing on periods between 2 and 24 weeks, which shows that significant spatial variations in the spectral shape exist,
and contain useful dynamical information. Using the Bayesian Information Criterion, we determine that, typically, a 5th order autoregressive model is needed to capture the structure in the spectrum. Using this model, we show that statistical errors in fitted local trends range between less than 1 and more than 5 times what would be calculated assuming “white” noise, and the time needed to detect a 1 mm/yr trend ranges between about 5 years and many decades. For global-mean sea level, the statistical error reduces to 0.1 mm/yr over 12 years, with only 2 years needed to detect a 1 mm/yr trend. We find significant regional differences in trend from the global mean. The
patterns of these regional differences are indicative of a sea level trend dominated by dynamical ocean processes, over this perio
Monolayers of 3He on the Surface of Bulk Superfluid 4He
We have used quantum evaporation to investigate the two-dimensional fermion
system that forms at the free surface of (initially isotopically pure) 4He when
small quantities of 3He are added to it. By measuring the first-arrival times
of the evaporated atoms, we have determined that the 3He-3He potential in this
system is V_3S/k_B=(0.23+/-0.02) K nm^2 (repulsive) and estimated a value of
m_3S=(1.53+/-0.02)m_3 for the zero-coverage effective mass. We have also
observed the predicted second layer-state which becomes occupied once the first
layer-state density exceeds about 0.6 monolayers.Comment: 2 pages, 3 figures. Submitted to Proc. LT-22 (1999) to appear in
Physica
Mapping biodiversity value worldwide: combining higher-taxon richness from different groups
Maps of large-scale biodiversity are urgently needed to guide conservation, and yet complete enumeration of organisms is impractical at present. One indirect approach is to measure richness at higher taxonomic ranks, such as families. The difficulty is how to combine information from different groups on numbers of higher taxa, when these taxa may in effect have been defined in different ways, particularly for more distantly related major groups. In this paper, the regional family richness of terrestrial and freshwater seed plants, amphibians, reptiles and mammals is mapped worldwide by combining: (i) absolute family richness; (ii) proportional family richness; and (iii) proportional family richness weighted for the total species richness in each major group. The assumptions of the three methods and their effects on the results are discussed, although for these data the broad pattern is surprisingly robust with respect to the method of combination. Scores from each of the methods of combining families are used to rank the top five richness hotspots and complementary areas, and hotspots of endemism are mapped by unweighted combination of range-size rarity scores
Relative Evaporation Probabilities of 3He and 4He from the Surface of Superfluid 4He
We report a preliminary experiment which demonstrates that 3He atoms in
Andreev states are evaporated by high-energy (E/k_B ~ 10.2 K) phonons in a
quantum evaporation process similar to that which occurs in pure 4He. Under
conditions of low 3He coverage, high-energy phonons appear to evaporate 3He and
4He atoms with equal probability. However, we have not managed to detect any
3He atoms that have been evaporated by rotons, and conclude that the
probability of a roton evaporating a 3He atom is less than 2% of the
probability that it evaporates a 4He atom.Comment: 2 pages, 3 figures. Submitted to Proc. LT-22 (1999) Physica
Notched and Unnotched Fatigue Behavior of Angle-Ply Graphite/Epoxy Composites
The axial fatigue behavior of both notched and unnotched graphite/epoxy composites was studied. In unnotched studies, conducted on a 0/+ or - 30 3S AS/3501 laminate, S-N curves were determined for various stress ratios R using simply supported test specimens. Apparent fatigue limits in tension-tension (T-T) and compression-compression (C-C) cycling occurred at about 60% of the respective static strengths. The overall results were expressed in the form of a constant life diagram showing the relationship between mean stress and stress amplitude. The diagram illustrates a skew-symmetry in fatigue life caused by the relatively low compressive strength of the unrestrained test specimens used. In effect, a maximum in fatigue properties occurs at a positive value of mean stress. Results are of significance in situations where structural members are buckling or crippling critical in design
HII Regions, Embedded Protostars, and Starless Cores in Sharpless 2-157
We present arcsecond resolution 1.4mm observations of the high mass star
forming region, Sharpless 2-157, that reveal the cool dust associated with the
first stages of star formation. These data are compared with archival images at
optical, infrared, and radio wavelengths, and complemented with new arcsecond
resolution mid-infrared data. We identify a dusty young HII region, numerous
infrared sources within the cluster envelope, and four starless condensations.
Three of the cores lie in a line to the south of the cluster peak, but the most
massive one is right at the center and associated with a jumble of bright radio
and infrared sources. This presents an interesting juxtaposition of high and
low mass star formation within the same cluster which we compare with similar
observations of other high mass star forming regions and discuss in the context
of cluster formation theory.Comment: accepted to ApJ; 6 pages, 3 figure
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