Allosteric Activation of the Par-6 PDZ Via a Partial Unfolding Transition

Proteins exist in a delicate balance between the native and unfolded states, where thermodynamic stability may be sacrificed to attain the flexibility required for efficient catalysis, binding, or allosteric control. Partition-defective 6 (Par-6) regulates the Par polarity complex by transmitting a GTPase signal through the Cdc42/Rac interaction binding PSD-95/Dlg/ZO-1 (CRIB-PDZ) module that alters PDZ ligand binding. Allosteric activation of the PDZ is achieved by local rearrangement of the L164 and K165 side chains to stabilize the interdomain CRIB:PDZ interface and reposition a conserved element of the ligand binding pocket. However, microsecond to millisecond dynamics measurements revealed that L164/K165 exchange requires a larger rearrangement than expected. The margin of thermodynamic stability for the PDZ domain is modest (∼3 kcal/mol) and further reduced by transient interactions with the disordered CRIB domain. Measurements of local structural stability revealed that tertiary contacts within the PDZ are disrupted by a partial unfolding transition that enables interconversion of the L/K switch. The unexpected participation of partial PDZ unfolding in the allosteric mechanism of Par-6 suggests that native-state unfolding may be essential for the function of other marginally stable proteins

EC1806 Revised 1955 Cedar Apple Rust

Extension Circular 1806 Revised 1955 is called Cedar Apple Rust and is about the symptoms of the Cedar Tree and Apple Tree when they rust. The symptoms of the Cedar tree are having many orange-colored, gelatinous, flower-like galls on the trees. They are first noticed in June and they grow fast over the summer months and reach adult size by fall. The spread of rust is only from the red cedar to apple trees then from the apple and related species back to the cedar. The symptoms of the Apple trees are during June, orange-colored spots appear on the leaves. When the leaves are infected badly they turn yellow and this weakens the tree and reduces the number and sized of the fruits. There are three ways to control the rust, 1) spraying, 2) removal of the red cedars in the vicinity of the apples, or 3) planting the more resistant varieties

EC55-1814 Fire Blight of Apples and Pears

Extension Circular 55-1814: This is about fire blight of apples and pears. Includes symptoms, cause, control, and resistant and susceptible varieties

EC55-1814 Fire Blight of Apples and Pears

Extension Circular 55-1814: This is about fire blight of apples and pears. Includes symptoms, cause, control, and resistant and susceptible varieties

Comparative study of design: application to Engineering Design

A recent exploratory study examines design processes across domains and compares them. This is achieved through a series of interdisciplinary, participative workshops. A systematic framework is used to collect data from expert witnesses who are practising designers across domains from engineering through architecture to product design and fashion, including film production, pharmaceutical drugs, food, packaging, graphics and multimedia and software. Similarities and differences across domains are described which indicate the types of comparative analysis we have been able to do from our data. The paper goes further and speculates on possible lessons for selected areas of engineering design which can be drawn from comparison with processes in other domains. As such this comparative design study offers the potential for improving engineering design processes. More generally it is a first step in creating a discipline of comparative design which aims to provide a new rich picture of design processes

Two Letters from Sierra States University President and Student Leaders to the United States Immigration Service in support of Student Richard Auras, 1942

Two letters, dated January 15, 1942, were written in support of Richard Auras, a student at Sierra State University. The first, written by the college president, Dr. Raymond L. Peters, describes Auras as a good student. Dr. Peters says he would like to see Auras finish his course so he can graduate with the other students of his class. The second letter, written by the student body president John C. Fischer and student body secretary Muriel Whitney describes Auras as honest and sincere and also urges that he be allowed to return to school. See also: Petition and Affidavit By Curt Benedict arguing for overturn of denial of release of Richard Auras from Internment, 1946 Letter from Richard Auras to William Langer regarding his internment status decision, 1946https://commons.und.edu/langer-papers/1161/thumbnail.jp

Social Determinants of Health: Underreported Heterogeneity in Systematic Reviews of Caregiver Interventions.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES:Although most people have some experience as caregivers, the nature and context of care are highly variable. Caregiving, socioeconomic factors, and health are all interrelated. For these reasons, caregiver interventions must consider these factors. This review examines the degree to which caregiver intervention research has reported and considered social determinants of health. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS:We examined published systematic reviews and meta-analyses of interventions for older adults with age-related chronic conditions using the PRISMA and AMSTAR 2 checklists. From 2,707 papers meeting search criteria, we identified 197 potentially relevant systematic reviews, and selected 33 for the final analysis. RESULTS:We found scant information on the inclusion of social determinants; the papers lacked specificity regarding race/ethnicity, gender, sexual identity, socioeconomic status, and geographic location. The majority of studies focused on dementia, with other conditions common in later life vastly underrepresented. DISCUSSION AND IMPLICATIONS:Significant gaps in evidence persist, particularly for interventions targeting diverse conditions and populations. To advance health equity and improve the effectiveness of interventions, research should address caregiver heterogeneity and improve assessment, support, and instruction for diverse populations. Research must identify aspects of heterogeneity that matter in intervention design, while recognizing opportunities for common elements and strategies

Herschel Observations of a Newly Discovered UX Ori Star in the Large Magellanic Cloud

The LMC star, SSTISAGE1C J050756.44-703453.9, was first noticed during a survey of EROS-2 lightcurves for stars with large irregular brightness variations typical of the R Coronae Borealis (RCB) class. However, the visible spectrum showing emission lines including the Balmer and Paschen series as well as many Fe II lines is emphatically not that of an RCB star. This star has all of the characteristics of a typical UX Ori star. It has a spectral type of approximately A2 and has excited an H II region in its vicinity. However, if it is an LMC member, then it is very luminous for a Herbig Ae/Be star. It shows irregular drops in brightness of up to 2 mag, and displays the reddening and "blueing" typical of this class of stars. Its spectrum, showing a combination of emission and absorption lines, is typical of a UX Ori star that is in a decline caused by obscuration from the circumstellar dust. SSTISAGE1C J050756.44-703453.9 has a strong IR excess and significant emission is present out to 500 micron. Monte Carlo radiative transfer modeling of the SED requires that SSTISAGE1C J050756.44-703453.9 has both a dusty disk as well as a large extended diffuse envelope to fit both the mid- and far-IR dust emission. This star is a new member of the UX Ori subclass of the Herbig Ae/Be stars and only the second such star to be discovered in the LMC.Comment: ApJ, in press. 9 pages, 5 figure