FET comparator detects analog signal levels without loading analog device

FET comparator circuit detects discrete analog computer output levels without excessively loading the output amplifier of the computer. An FET common source amplifier is coupled by a differential amplifier to a bistable transistor flip-flop. This circuit provides a digital output for analog voltages above or below a predetermined level

Testing for a nonlinear Fisher relationship

Empirical evidence regarding the Fisher effect is mixed. One reason may be a nonlinear adjustment process in the real interest rate. The nonlinear unit root test proposed by Sollis, Leybourne, and Newbold (Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 34: 686-700, 2002) is used to test for stationarity of the U.S. real interest rate over the 1934:01-2011:02 period and selected subperiods. The unit root null in the real rate of interest can be rejected over the full sample, evidence of a Fisher effect. Weaker evidence of a Fisher relation is found in the subsample for 1934:01-1959:12 for which the unit root null can be rejected for one measure of the real interest rate. However, there is no indication of a Fisher effect for subperiods starting in 1960 or later. A conjecture is that temporal aggregation of the interest rate data may explain the different results, but the findings are also consistent with other explanations.Fisher effect, nonlinear unit root, U.S. real interest rate

Flexible thermal device

Fabrication of expansion joint, vibration isolator device with sufficient cross sectional area for high thermal conductivity is discussed. Device consists of multiple layers of metal foil which may be designed to meet specific applications. Thermodynamic properties of the device and illustration of construction are provided

Farm Accidents Costly Insurance Lessens the Burden

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Observation of Single Transits in Supercooled Monatomic Liquids

A transit is the motion of a system from one many-particle potential energy valley to another. We report the observation of transits in molecular dynamics (MD) calculations of supercooled liquid argon and sodium. Each transit is a correlated simultaneous shift in the equilibrium positions of a small local group of particles, as revealed in the fluctuating graphs of the particle coordinates versus time. This is the first reported direct observation of transit motion in a monatomic liquid in thermal equilibrium. We found transits involving 2 to 11 particles, having mean shift in equilibrium position on the order of 0.4 R_1 in argon and 0.25 R_1 in sodium, where R_1 is the nearest neighbor distance. The time it takes for a transit to occur is approximately one mean vibrational period, confirming that transits are fast.Comment: 19 pages, 8 figure

Machine Science in Biomedicine: Practicalities, Pitfalls and Potential

Machine Science, or Data-driven Research, is a new and interesting scientific methodology that uses advanced computational techniques to identify, retrieve, classify and analyse data in order to generate hypotheses and develop models. In this paper we describe three recent biomedical Machine Science studies, and use these to assess the current state of the art with specific emphasis on data mining, data assessment, costs, limitations, skills and tool support

Peeling Back the Onion of Cyber Espionage after Tallinn 2.0

Tallinn 2.0 represents an important advancement in the understanding of international law’s application to cyber operations below the threshold of force. Its provisions on cyber espionage will be instrumental to states in grappling with complex legal problems in the area of digital spying. The law of cyber espionage as outlined by Tallinn 2.0, however, is substantially based on rules that have evolved outside of the digital context, and there exist serious ambiguities and limitations in its framework. This Article will explore gaps in the legal structure and consider future options available to states in light of this underlying mismatch