19 research outputs found

    Financial diversification before modern portfolio theory: UK financial advice documents in the late nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century

    Get PDF
    The paper offers textual evidence from a series of financial advice documents in the late nineteenth century and the early twentieth century of how UK investors perceived of and managed risk. In the world’s largest financial centre of the time, UK investors were familiar with the concept of correlation and financial advisers’ suggestions were consistent with the recommendations of modern portfolio theory in relation to portfolio selection strategies. From the 1870s, there was an increased awareness of the benefits of financial diversification - primarily putting equal amounts into a number of different securities - with much of the emphasis being on geographical rather than sectoral diversification and some discussion of avoiding highly correlated investments. Investors in the past were not so naïve as mainstream financial discussions suggest today

    Microstructural and residual stress development due to inertia friction welding in Ti-6246

    No full text
    A thorough investigation has been performed to assess the microstructural properties, mechanical properties (hardness and elastic modulus), and residual stress development in Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo (Ti-6246) inertia friction welds in the as-welded and postweld heat-treated conditions. It was evident that the thermomechanical deformation in the weld region occurred above the β transus, forming dynamically recrystallized β grains and precipitating acicular α within the β grains, which resulted in a localized hardness increase. In the heat-affected zone, a ghost microstructure of the base metal formed because of the absence of sufficient time for diffusion, resulting in Mo segregation in the prior primary α plates. Energy-dispersive synchrotron X-ray diffraction and neutron diffraction were used to assess the residual stress development in the three principal directions. The variation in the unstrained lattice parameters across the weld regions was established by imposing a stress balance on the axial stress component in the radial direction. It was found that the maximum stresses occurred in the hoop direction, with significantly lower stresses present in the radial and axial directions. The maximum tensile hoop stresses were located at ~4 mm from the weld centerline and not at the dynamically recrystallized β-rich weld zone. This was associated with the α → β phase transformation and the subsequent acicular α precipitation within the region surrounding the weld centerline
    corecore