9,288 research outputs found
Investigating the interstellar dust through the Fe K-edge
The chemical and physical properties of interstellar dust in the densest
regions of the Galaxy are still not well understood. X-rays provide a powerful
probe since they can penetrate gas and dust over a wide range of column
densities (up to ). The interaction (scattering and
absorption) with the medium imprints spectral signatures that reflect the
individual atoms which constitute the gas, molecule, or solid. In this work we
investigate the ability of high resolution X-ray spectroscopy to probe the
properties of cosmic grains containing iron. Although iron is heavily depleted
into interstellar dust, the nature of the Fe-bearing grains is still largely
uncertain. In our analysis we use iron K-edge synchrotron data of minerals
likely present in the ISM dust taken at the European Synchrotron Radiation
Facility. We explore the prospects of determining the chemical composition and
the size of astrophysical dust in the Galactic centre and in molecular clouds
with future X-ray missions. The energy resolution and the effective area of the
present X-ray telescopes are not sufficient to detect and study the Fe K-edge,
even for bright X-ray sources. From the analysis of the extinction cross
sections of our dust models implemented in the spectral fitting program SPEX,
the Fe K-edge is promising for investigating both the chemistry and the size
distribution of the interstellar dust. We find that the chemical composition
regulates the X-ray absorption fine structures in the post edge region, whereas
the scattering feature in the pre-edge is sensitive to the mean grain size.
Finally, we note that the Fe K-edge is insensitive to other dust properties,
such as the porosity and the geometry of the dust.Comment: 11 pages, 10 figures. Accepted for publication in Astronomy and
Astrophysic
Shear flow, viscous heating, and entropy balance from dynamical systems
A consistent description of a shear flow, the accompanied viscous heating,
and the associated entropy balance is given in the framework of a deterministic
dynamical system, where a multibaker dynamics drives two fields: the velocity
and the temperature distributions. In an appropriate macroscopic limit their
transport equations go over into the Navier-Stokes and the heat conduction
equation of viscous flows. The inclusion of an artificial heat sink can
stabilize steady states with constant temperatures. It mimics a thermostating
algorithm used in non-equilibrium molecular-dynamics simulations.Comment: LaTeX 2e (epl.cls + sty-files for Europhys Lett included); 7 pages +
1 eps-figur
Expert chess memory: Revisiting the chunking hypothesis
After reviewing the relevant theory on chess expertise, this paper re-examines experimentally the finding of Chase and Simon (1973a) that the differences in ability of chess players at different skill levels to copy and to recall positions are attributable to the experts' storage of thousands of chunks (patterned clusters of pieces) in long-term memory. Despite important differences in the experimental apparatus, the data of the present experiments regarding latencies and chess relations between successively placed pieces are highly correlated with those of Chase and Simon. We conclude that the 2-second inter-chunk interval used to define chunk boundaries is robust, and that chunks have psychological reality. We discuss the possible reasons why Masters in our new study used substantially larger chunks than the Master of the 1973 study, and extend the chunking theory to take account of the evidence for large retrieval structures (templates) in long-term memory
Nonequilibrium quantum-impurities: from entropy production to information theory
Nonequilibrium steady-state currents, unlike their equilibrium counterparts,
continuously dissipate energy into their physical surroundings leading to
entropy production and time-reversal symmetry breaking. This letter discusses
these issues in the context of quantum impurity models driven out of
equilibrium by attaching the impurity to leads at different chemical potentials
and temperatures. We start by pointing out that entropy production is often
hidden in traditional treatments of quantum-impurity models. We then use simple
thermodynamic arguments to define the rate of entropy production. Using the
scattering framework recently developed by the authors we show that the rate of
entropy production has a simple information theoretic interpretation in terms
of the Shannon entropy and Kullback-Leibler divergence of nonequilibrium
distribution function. This allows us to show that the entropy production is
strictly positive for any nonequilibrium steady-state. We conclude by applying
these ideas to the Resonance Level Model and the Kondo model.Comment: 5 pages, 1 figure new version with minor clarification
Inelastic X-ray Scattering by Electronic Excitations in Solids at High Pressure
Investigating electronic structure and excitations under extreme conditions
gives access to a rich variety of phenomena. High pressure typically induces
behavior such as magnetic collapse and the insulator-metal transition in 3d
transition metals compounds, valence fluctuations or Kondo-like characteristics
in -electron systems, and coordination and bonding changes in molecular
solids and glasses. This article reviews research concerning electronic
excitations in materials under extreme conditions using inelastic x-ray
scattering (IXS). IXS is a spectroscopic probe of choice for this study because
of its chemical and orbital selectivity and the richness of information it
provides. Being an all-photon technique, IXS has a penetration depth compatible
with high pressure requirements. Electronic transitions under pressure in 3d
transition metals compounds and -electron systems, most of them strongly
correlated, are reviewed. Implications for geophysics are mentioned. Since the
incident X-ray energy can easily be tuned to absorption edges, resonant IXS,
often employed, is discussed at length. Finally studies involving local
structure changes and electronic transitions under pressure in materials
containing light elements are briefly reviewed.Comment: submitted to Rev. Mod. Phy
Chemical Potential and the Nature of the Dark Energy: The case of phantom
The influence of a possible non zero chemical potential on the nature
of dark energy is investigated by assuming that the dark energy is a
relativistic perfect simple fluid obeying the equation of state (EoS),
(). The entropy condition, ,
implies that the possible values of are heavily dependent on the
magnitude, as well as on the sign of the chemical potential. For , the
-parameter must be greater than -1 (vacuum is forbidden) while for not only the vacuum but even a phantomlike behavior () is
allowed. In any case, the ratio between the chemical potential and temperature
remains constant, that is, . Assuming that the dark energy
constituents have either a bosonic or fermionic nature, the general form of the
spectrum is also proposed. For bosons is always negative and the extended
Wien's law allows only a dark component with which includes
vacuum and the phantomlike cases. The same happens in the fermionic branch for
are permmited only if . The thermodynamics and statistical arguments constrain the
EoS parameter to be , a result surprisingly close to the maximal
value required to accelerate a FRW type universe dominated by matter and dark
energy ().Comment: 7 pages, 5 figure
A Fast Hadron Freeze-out Generator
We have developed a fast Monte Carlo procedure of hadron generation allowing
one to study and analyze various observables for stable hadrons and hadron
resonances produced in ultra-relativistic heavy ion collisions. Particle
multiplicities are determined based on the concept of chemical freeze-out.
Particles can be generated on the chemical or thermal freeze-out hypersurface
represented by a parameterization or a numerical solution of relativistic
hydrodynamics with given initial conditions and equation of state. Besides
standard space-like sectors associated with the volume decay, the hypersurface
may also include non-space-like sectors related to the emission from the
surface of expanding system. For comparison with other models and experimental
data we demonstrate the results based on the standard parameterizations of the
hadron freeze-out hypersurface and flow velocity profile under the assumption
of a common chemical and thermal freeze-out. The C++ generator code is written
under the ROOT framework and is available for public use at
http://uhkm.jinr.ru/.Comment: 28 pages,7 figure
Thermo-Electric Properties of Quantum Point Contacts
I. Introduction
II. Theoretical background (Landauer-Buttiker formalism of
thermo-electricity, Quantum point contacts as ideal electron waveguides,
Saddle-shaped potential)
III. Experiments (Thermopower, Thermal conductance, Peltier effect)
IV. ConclusionsComment: #4 of a series of 4 legacy reviews on QPC'
Linking the hydrodynamic and kinetic description of a dissipative relativistic conformal theory
We use the entropy production variational method to associate a one particle
distribution function to the assumed known energy-momentum and entropy currents
describing a relativistic conformal fluid. Assuming a simple form for the
collision operator we find this one particle distribution function explicitly,
and show that this method of linking the hydro and kinetic description is a non
trivial generalization of Grad's ansatz. The resulting constitutive relations
are the same as in the conformal dissipative type theories discussed in J.
Peralta-Ramos and E. Calzetta, Phys. Rev. D {\bfseries 80}, 126002 (2009). Our
results may prove useful in the description of freeze-out in ultrarelativistic
heavy-ion collisions.Comment: v2: 23 pages, no figures, accepted in Phys. Rev.
Olfactomedin 4 Serves as a Marker for Disease Severity in Pediatric Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) Infection
Funding: Statement of financial support: The study was financially supported by the VIRGO consortium, an Innovative Cluster approved by the Netherlands Genomics Initiative and partially funded by the Dutch Government (BSIK 03012). The authors have indicated they have no personal financial relationships relevant to this article to disclose. Data Availability Statement: The data is accessible at http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/geo/query/acc.cgi?acc=GSE69606.Peer reviewedPublisher PD
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