4,692 research outputs found
Some studies on the behavior of W-RE thermocouple materials at high temperatures
Bare 0.25 mm diameter W-Re alloy thermoelements (W, W-3% Re, W-5% Re and W-25%) and BeO-insulated W-3% Re and W-25% Re thermoelements were examined for metallurgical, chemical and thermal emf changes after testing for periods up to 1000 hours at temperatures principally in the range 2000 to 2400 K. Environments for the tests consisted of high purity argon, hydrogen, helium or nitrogen gases. Commercially obtained bare-wire thermoelements typically exhibited a shift in their emf-temperature relationship upon initial exposure. The shift was completed by thermally aging the W-3% Re thermoelement for 1 hour and the W-25% Re thermoelement for 2 minutes at 2400 K in argon or hydrogen. Aged thermoelements experienced no appreciable drift with subsequent exposure at 2400 K in the gaseous environments. The chemically doped W3% Re thermoelement retained a small-grained structure for exposure in excess of 50 hours at 2400 K. BeO-insulated thermoelement assemblies showed varied behavior that depended upon the method of exposure. However, when the assemblies were heated in a furnace, no serious material incompatibility problems were found if the materials were given prior thermal treatments. Thermocouples, assembled from aged W-3% Re and W-25% Re thermoelements and degassed sintered BeO insulators, exhibited a drift of only 2 to 3 K during exposure in argon at 2070 K for 1029 hours
An investigation of W-3% Re and W-25% Re thermoelements in vacuum, argon and hydrogen Final report
High vacuum, argon, and hydrogen effects on bare wire rhenium thermoelements at high temperature
High reliability sheathed, beryllia insulated, tungsten-rhenium alloy thermocouple assemblies; their fabrication and EMF stability
Tantalum sheathed, BeO insulated, W-3% Re/W-25% Re thermocouple assemblies were fabricated and their emf drift determined during 2059 hours of exposure at 2073 K in a gaseous helium environment. The sheathed thermocouple assemblies were constructed from aged thermoelements, specially heat-treated BeO insulators, and specially cleaned and etched tantalum sheaths. Their thermal emf drifts ranged from the equivalent of only -0.3 to -0.8 K drift per 1000 hours of exposure at 2073 K. No evidence of any gross chemical attack or degradation of the component materials was found. The emf drift and material behavior of some unsheathed, BeO insulated, W-3% Re/W-25% Re thermocouples at 2250 and 2400 K were also determined. Unsheathed thermocouples tested in an argon environment at 2250 K for 1100 hours and at 2400 K for 307 hours exhibited changes in thermal emf that typically ranged from the equivalent of a few degrees K to as much as +11 K. Post-test examinations of these thermocouples revealed some undesirable material degradation and interaction which included erosion of the BeO insulators and contamination of the thermoelements by tantalum from the tantalum blackbody enclosure in which the thermocouples were contained
A Cyber-Support System for Distributed Infrastructures
The Internet is now heavily relied upon by the Critical Infrastructures (CI). This has led to different security threats facing interconnected security systems. By understanding the complexity of critical infrastructure interdependency, and how to take advantage of it in order to minimize the cascading problem, enables the prediction of potential problems before they happen. Our proposed system, detailed in this paper, is able to detect cyber-attacks and share the knowledge with interconnected partners to create an immune system network. In order to demonstrate our approach, a realistic simulation is used to construct data and evaluate the system put forward. This paper provides a summary of the work to-date, on the development of a system titled Critical Infrastructure Auto-Immune Response System (CIAIRS). It provides a view of the main CIAIRS segments, which comprise the framework and illustrates the functioning of the system
A study of the redox behaviour of copper ions in zeolites x and by temperature programmed reduction
Draft Genome Sequence of Frankia sp. Strain CcI6, a Salt-Tolerant Nitrogen-Fixing Actinobacterium Isolated from the Root Nodule of Casuarina cunninghamiana
Members of the actinomycete genus Frankia form a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis with 8 different families of actinorhizal plants. We report a 5.57-Mbp draft genome sequence for Frankia sp. strain CcI6, a salt-tolerant nitrogen-fixing actinobacterium isolated from root nodules of Casurina cunninghamiana grown in Egyptian soils
Permanent Draft Genome Sequences for Two Variants of Frankia sp. Strain CpI1, the First Frankia Strain Isolated from Root Nodules of Comptonia peregrina
Frankia stains CpI1-S and CpI1-P are members of Frankia lineage Ia that are able to reinfect plants of the Betulaceae and Myricaceae families. Here, we report two 7.6-Mbp draft genome sequences with 6,396 and 6,373 candidate protein-coding genes for CpI1-S and CpI1-P, respectively
First passage behaviour of fractional Brownian motion in two-dimensional wedge domains
We study the survival probability and the corresponding first passage time
density of fractional Brownian motion confined to a two-dimensional open wedge
domain with absorbing boundaries. By analytical arguments and numerical
simulation we show that in the long time limit the first passage time density
scales as t**{-1+pi*(2H-2)/(2*Theta)} in terms of the Hurst exponent H and the
wedge angle Theta. We discuss this scaling behaviour in connection with the
reaction kinetics of FBM particles in a one-dimensional domain.Comment: 6 pages, 4 figure
Extreme value statistics and return intervals in long-range correlated uniform deviates
We study extremal statistics and return intervals in stationary long-range
correlated sequences for which the underlying probability density function is
bounded and uniform. The extremal statistics we consider e.g., maximum relative
to minimum are such that the reference point from which the maximum is measured
is itself a random quantity. We analytically calculate the limiting
distributions for independent and identically distributed random variables, and
use these as a reference point for correlated cases. The distributions are
different from that of the maximum itself i.e., a Weibull distribution,
reflecting the fact that the distribution of the reference point either
dominates over or convolves with the distribution of the maximum. The
functional form of the limiting distributions is unaffected by correlations,
although the convergence is slower. We show that our findings can be directly
generalized to a wide class of stochastic processes. We also analyze return
interval distributions, and compare them to recent conjectures of their
functional form
Improving measurements of SF6 for the study of atmospheric transport and emissions
Sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) is a potent greenhouse gas and useful atmospheric tracer. Measurements of SF6 on global and regional scales are necessary to estimate emissions and to verify or examine the performance of atmospheric transport models. Typical precision for common gas chromatographic methods with electron capture detection (GC-ECD) is 1–2%. We have modified a common GC-ECD method to achieve measurement precision of 0.5% or better. Global mean SF6 measurements were used to examine changes in the growth rate of SF6 and corresponding SF6 emissions. Global emissions and mixing ratios from 2000–2008 are consistent with recently published work. More recent observations show a 10% decline in SF6 emissions in 2008–2009, which seems to coincide with a decrease in world economic output. This decline was short-lived, as the global SF6 growth rate has recently increased to near its 2007–2008 maximum value of 0.30±0.03 pmol mol−1 (ppt) yr−1 (95% C.L.)
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