Adhesion Characterization of Palm Oil Mill Sludge Modified Asphalt Binder

The adhesion of mineral aggregates to asphalt binder is an essential point that attributes to the quality and performance of the asphalt mixture. Moreover, the considerable problem to the asphalt pavement could come from the lack of bonding between the materials. Generally, adhesion of mineral aggregates depends on the source or type of aggregate and asphalt binder. This study investigated the adherence coverage of palm oil mill sludge (POMS) modified binder with granite aggregate. Base asphalt binder of penetration grade 60/70 was blended with 1%,2%,3%,4% and 5% of POMS to produce the modified asphalt binders, respectively. Consequently, POMS modified binders were mixed with the granite aggregate to produce loose mix samples. In this current study, boiling test procedure was used to reduce the adhesive bonding of the loose mix sample. Then, Image J software was used to evaluate the stripping area of the samples. The results from image analysis revealed that different stripping areas due to different amounts of POMS incorporated in the modified asphalt binder. Up to 4% POMS modified asphalt showed an acceptable resistance toward moisture compared to un-modified asphalt. Image J helped to produce a clear stripping result compared to visual observation. In conclusion, POMS could be used as an asphalt modifier with satisfactory adhesion properties

Adhesion Characterization of Palm Oil Mill Sludge Modified Asphalt Binder

The adhesion of mineral aggregates to asphalt binder is an essential point that attributes to the quality and performance of the asphalt mixture. Moreover, the considerable problem to the asphalt pavement could come from the lack of bonding between the materials. Generally, adhesion of mineral aggregates depends on the source or type of aggregate and asphalt binder. This study investigated the adherence coverage of palm oil mill sludge (POMS) modified binder with granite aggregate. Base asphalt binder of penetration grade 60/70 was blended with 1%,2%,3%,4% and 5% of POMS to produce the modified asphalt binders, respectively. Consequently, POMS modified binders were mixed with the granite aggregate to produce loose mix samples. In this current study, boiling test procedure was used to reduce the adhesive bonding of the loose mix sample. Then, Image J software was used to evaluate the stripping area of the samples. The results from image analysis revealed that different stripping areas due to different amounts of POMS incorporated in the modified asphalt binder. Up to 4% POMS modified asphalt showed an acceptable resistance toward moisture compared to un-modified asphalt. Image J helped to produce a clear stripping result compared to visual observation. In conclusion, POMS could be used as an asphalt modifier with satisfactory adhesion properties

Assessment ranking for green pavement material elements

The development of green roadway in Malaysia is one of the contributions to accomplish Malaysia Go Green Campaign. Hence, sustainable materials are widely used in road construction recently because people are more aware about its implications towards environments. However, people keep trying to find the most suitable sustainable materials to be used in designing road pavement. Hence, a new method is introduced which assessment ranking for green pavement material element and research is developed by finding and adding more green material used in designing pavements in Malaysia. They are then been categorized and analysed in order to identify which will become the most preferred material. Development of questionnaire survey is one of the steps involved as well as analysis of factor and ranking method for all the green material elements used in roads. About 25 respondents including teams from Public Work Department (JKR) and consultant company are chosen to answer the questionnaire survey according to their specialisation in road construction area. The agreement level which is the output from survey will be transferred into Minitab Software and measured using factor analysis. The factor score which is product from factor loading and mean values being restructure and becomes the weightage factor. Thus, all the material elements are ranked based on their weighted factor value. From the analysis of questionnaire survey, alternative binder become the most preferable material to be used for green pavement for it has the largest weighted factor

Performance of asphaltic concrete modified with recycled crushed bricks

The pavement industry relies greatly on this conventional material in constructing the road. However, the shortage of the mined material has led to the need of finding alternative with local materials to partially substitute the asphalt components. The conventional pavement industry also contributed to thermal and greenhouse emission resulting from the mining activities. In addition, throughout the year, the amount of construction and demolition (C&D) waste generated from civil construction activities particularly in Malaysia is increasing in alarming rate. Recycling the C&D waste specifically in bricks is viewed as reasonable potential as aggregate modifier in the impulse for greener and sustainable asphalt pavement production. In this paper, recycled crushed bricks (RCB) is introduced to bituminous wearing course as partial replacement for coarse aggregates. The coarse aggregate is partially replaced with RCB in proportions of 0%, 10%, 20%, 30% and 40% by weight. This study summarizes the results of laboratory evaluation of Los Angeles Abrasion Value, Aggregate Crushing Value and Marshall Test. Results show that asphaltic concrete modified with 10% RCB has the lowest abrasion and crushing values which were 20.2% and 30% respectively. Similarly, the mix has the highest Marshall Stability and lowest flow which 15.61 kN and 3.37 mm respectively. Thus, partial replacement of coarse aggregates with 10% RCB in bituminous mix is suitable to be used in wearing course and can be used as alternative material in bituminous mix to reduce the dependency on natural aggregates and utilize the C&D waste efficiently

Assessment framework for pavement material and technology elements in green highway index

Sustainability concept in highway development needs to be addressed critically in order to alleviate the effect of global warming and depletion of natural resources issues. In Malaysia, there are a lot of alternative pavement materials and technology that have been introduced to the industry so that green highway can be achieved. However, Malaysia does not have any tools to assess the level of greenness for any highway projects and still lacks of awareness in sustainable highway. Thus, the main objective of this study is to develop an assessment framework for pavement material and technology elements in Malaysia green highway index. An extensive literature were reviewed and expert discussion was conducted to identify the 13 vital elements of pavement material and technology which include regional materials; reuse of top soil; reused and/or recycled of non-hazardous materials; earthwork balance; usage of industrial by-products; subgrade improvement/soil stabilization, permeable pavement, pavement design life, quiet pavement, recycled pavement or new sustainable techniques; cool pavement; soil biotechnical engineering treatment; and green techniques. Questionnaires were distributed among the 109 highway practitioners to obtain their agreement level on these elements. Then, all the data were analyzed by using factor analysis approach which generated from Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) software. The assessment score of each element was calculated from the findings and assessment framework for pavement material and technology elements was established. Results show that all the elements were grouped into four main factor namely environmental control, economical resources, innovation technology and erosion control with four point was considered as a maximum point score to be achieved in green highway assessment framework. Hence, the research clearly indicates that these elements are essential to be implemented in Malaysia's highway development indirectly as an encouragement to improve the performance of transportation sector

Waste cooking oil as bio asphalt binder: a critical review

The modification of binder with waste cooking oil (WCO) for paving materials indicates the implementation of recycling practice with environmental issues concern, thus improving the proper management of this waste product. This paper presents a critical review of the WCO utilisation as a modifier to enhance binder properties. The review was focuses on the evaluation of WCO in asphalt binder modification and asphaltic concrete mixture. Basically, oil-based modification by using WCO in paving material provides a promising waste material potential in improving the engineering value in terms of rheological and mechanical performance for modified binder and asphalt mixture. It is expected that the addition of this modifier in binder gives superior performance and is comparable with the conventional binder

Chemical modification of waste cooking oil to improve the physical and rheological properties of asphalt binder

The performance of asphalt binder modified with waste cooking oil (WCO) is affected by the quality of the WCO itself because of the degradation process during frying activity. The quality of WCO can be determined by conducting an acid value test, wherein an increased acid value has caused the decreasing of rheological performance. Therefore, untreated WCO with a high acid value is chemically modified and pre-treated with alkaline catalysts to undergo transesterification. The transesterification of WCO is performed as a pre-treatment to reduce high free fatty acid (FFA) content, which is equivalent to the acid value. The treated WCO sample undergoes a chemical test (acid value), physical test (penetration and softening test), and rheological test through a dynamic shear rheometer (DSR). The rheological performance of rutting, which is analyzed using DSR, is compared between the untreated and treated WCO to determine any improvement in rutting resistance after chemical modification. Results show that the acid value reduces from 1.65 mL/g to 0.54 mL/g after the chemical treatment of WCO. The decrease in acid value affects the improvement of penetration, softening point test, and rheological performance test, wherein increased failure temperature is achieved at 70 °C for treated WCO compared with the untreated WCO at 64 °C

Mechanical performance of asphaltic concrete incorporating untreated and treated waste cooking oil

In recent years, various oil-based modifications that involve the use of waste cooking oil (WCO) have been applied to deliver obvious benefits to the pavement industry. This effort is in line with the response to the issue of waste management. The current constraint in dealing with WCO is its declining rutting resistance performance at high temperatures. This issue is observed globally and remains unresolved. Adverse rheological performance induces the rutting issue due to the high susceptibility of WCO toward temperature exposure. The pretreatment of WCO is proposed as an extensive research work that aims to produce treated WCO before its addition to HMA. However, the potential of treated WCO is still at the empirical stage and still questionable. Therefore, a mechanical test was performed on the control, 5% untreated WCO, and 5% treated WCO mixtures to evaluate any improvement in the performance of the HMA incorporated with untreated and treated WCO. The mechanical test included the Marshall Stability, resilient modulus, creep stiffness, and indirect tensile strength (ITS) tests. Microstructure observation was performed using an atomic force microscope (AFM) to identify the surface roughness related to the adhesion properties. Results shows an improvement in Marshall Stability, resilient modulus, and ITS performance was recorded with the replacement of 5% treated WCO in bituminous mixture. In addition, the highest creep stiffness, with an enhancement of about 25% relative to the control mixture, was achieved with the 5% treated WCO mixture to resist permanent deformation. The microstructure observation revealed that the lowest surface roughness produced with the treated WCO in modified binder contributed to the improvement of adhesion bonding that increased the strength of the asphalt mixture

Investigation on Compatibility Property Between Aggregates and Bitumen Modified with Untreated and Treated Waste Cooking Oil

The superior performance of asphaltic concrete exhibited the good adhesion bonding between binder-aggregates interaction in bituminous mixture. However, the issue of compatibility properties in modification of binder with waste cooking oil (WCO) arises since the poor mechanical performance of asphalt mixture is globally recorded thus reflected the weakness of adhesion bonding inside the pavement material. In fact, the potential of high adhesiveness binding properties is affected by the chemical theory which is chemical composition thereby effecting to the surface microstructure arrangement in bituminous mixture. Therefore, it is vital to conduct the morphology and microstructure observation in order to obtain a comprehensive understanding on the behaviour of the internal structure in pavement material that influencing the adhesion performance. The identification of chemical composition is determined by using Gas Chromatography-Mass Selective (GC-MS). Meanwhile, the surface microstructure observation for asphalt mixture is performed with Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). Results showed that the incompatibility characteristic is revealed based on the GC-MS result, which discovered the identification of polar compounds in control binder and treated WCO while untreated WCO is recognised as a non-polar compound. The FESEM image illustrated that the more compacted structure arrangement existed in treated WCO mixture compared to the control and untreated WCO mixtures

Chemical identification of waste cooking oil as additive in Bitumen

The behavior and performance of waste cooking oil (WCO) as an additive and replacement of neat bitumen through the modification of asphalt binder is influenced by its chemical structure and composition. Therefore, the identification of chemical composition inside the WCO-modified bitumen should be identified before any modification is taken that later on will affect its performance. Thus, this paper has emphasized and explained about the chemical composition inside modified bitumen by using WCO. The characterization of each chemical element and functional group of WCO-modified bitumen are conducted by using Gas Chromatography-Mass Selective (GC-MS) and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). GCMS result showed that the presence of Free Fatty Acid (FFA) in WCO while from the FTIR observation, there are same type of functional group existed in all sample which is C-H bond (alkyl). Through the chemical observation conducted, therefore the chemical alteration is required to improve the performance of WCO in modified bitumen in the future