Kebijakan Pemberantasan Wabah Penyakit Menular: Kasus Kejadian Luar Biasa Demam Berdarah Dengue (Klb Dbd)

Dalam Rencana Pembangunan Nasional Jangka Panjang (RPJP) 2005-2025 disebutkan bahwa pembangunan sumber daya manusia diarahkan untuk terwujudnya manusia Indonesia yang sehat, cerdas, produktif dan masyarakat yang semakin sejahtera (Bappenas 2005). Melalui Program Indonesia Sehat 2010, gambaran masyarakat Indonesia di masa depan yang ingin dicapai adalah masyarakat yang antara lain hidup dalam lingkungan yang sehat dan mempraktekkan perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat (Depkes 2003). Lingkungan yang sehat termasuk di dalamnya bebas dari wabah penyakit menular. Dalam Rencana Pembangunan Jangka Panjang Menengah (RPJM) 2004-2009, salah satu program di bidang kesehatan adalah pencegahan dan pemberantasan penyakit, termasuk wabah penyakit menular (Bappenas 2004c). Penanganan secara cepat terhadap wabah penyakit juga merupakan bagian dari peningkatan pelayanan kesehatan dasar yang menjadi satu dari tiga prioritas program 100 hari pertama Kabinet Indonesia Bersatu 2004-2009 di bidang kesehatan (Bappenas 2004a; Depkes 2005a)

Menegakkan Hukum dan Hak Warga Negara: Pers, Buku dan Film

Buku ini berangkat dari kegundahan buruknya kondisi kebebasan berekspresi di Indonesia. Sejatinya, setelah sepuluh tahun reformasi, kondisi kebebasan kita semakin baik. Politik yang semakin stabil dan pertumbuhan ekonomi yang cukup bagus semestinya diiringi dengan pencapaian di bidang lain, khususnya menyangkut kebebasan pers, buku, dan film. Buku ini diniatkan sebagai guideliness yang bisa digunakan oleh para politisi, pengambil keputusan, dan pemimpin negeri ini untuk melihat persoalan seputar kebebasan berekspresi di Indonesia. Ditulis secara ringkas dan padat, buku ini diharapkan dapat memberikan gambaran umum tentang persoalan yang kita hadapi

A Very Large Number of GABAergic Neurons Are Activated in the Tuberal Hypothalamus during Paradoxical (REM) Sleep Hypersomnia

We recently discovered, using Fos immunostaining, that the tuberal and mammillary hypothalamus contain a massive population of neurons specifically activated during paradoxical sleep (PS) hypersomnia. We further showed that some of the activated neurons of the tuberal hypothalamus express the melanin concentrating hormone (MCH) neuropeptide and that icv injection of MCH induces a strong increase in PS quantity. However, the chemical nature of the majority of the neurons activated during PS had not been characterized. To determine whether these neurons are GABAergic, we combined in situ hybridization of GAD67 mRNA with immunohistochemical detection of Fos in control, PS deprived and PS hypersomniac rats. We found that 74% of the very large population of Fos-labeled neurons located in the tuberal hypothalamus after PS hypersomnia were GAD-positive. We further demonstrated combining MCH immunohistochemistry and GAD67 in situ hybridization that 85% of the MCH neurons were also GAD-positive. Finally, based on the number of Fos-ir/GAD+, Fos-ir/MCH+, and GAD+/MCH+ double-labeled neurons counted from three sets of double-staining, we uncovered that around 80% of the large number of the Fos-ir/GAD+ neurons located in the tuberal hypothalamus after PS hypersomnia do not contain MCH. Based on these and previous results, we propose that the non-MCH Fos/GABAergic neuronal population could be involved in PS induction and maintenance while the Fos/MCH/GABAergic neurons could be involved in the homeostatic regulation of PS. Further investigations will be needed to corroborate this original hypothesis

Biosorption and Biomineralization of U(VI) by the Marine Bacterium Idiomarina loihiensis MAH1: Effect of Background Electrolyte and pH

The main goal of this study is to compare the effects of pH, uranium concentration, and background electrolyte (seawater and NaClO4 solution) on the speciation of uranium(VI) associated with the marine bacterium Idiomarina loihiensis MAH1. This was done at the molecular level using a multidisciplinary approach combining X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS), Time-Resolved Laser-Induced Fluorescence Spectroscopy (TRLFS), and High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM). We showed that the U(VI)/bacterium interaction mechanism is highly dependent upon pH but also the nature of the used background electrolyte played a role. At neutral conditions and a U concentration ranging from 5·10−4 to 10−5 M (environmentally relevant concentrations), XAS analysis revealed that uranyl phosphate mineral phases, structurally resembling meta-autunite [Ca(UO2)2(PO4)2 2–6H2O] are precipitated at the cell surfaces of the strain MAH1. The formation of this mineral phase is independent of the background solution but U(VI) luminescence lifetime analyses demonstrated that the U(VI) speciation in seawater samples is more intricate, i.e., different complexes were formed under natural conditions. At acidic conditions, pH 2, 3 and 4.3 ([U] = 5·10−4 M, background electrolyte = 0.1 M NaClO4), the removal of U from solution was due to biosorption to Extracellular Polysaccharides (EPS) and cell wall components as evident from TEM analysis. The LIII-edge XAS and TRLFS studies showed that the biosorption process observed is dependent of pH. The bacterial cell forms a complex with U through organic phosphate groups at pH 2 and via phosphate and carboxyl groups at pH 3 and 4.3, respectively. The differences in the complexes formed between uranium and bacteria on seawater compared to NaClO4 solution demonstrates that the actinide/microbe interactions are influenced by the three studied factors, i.e., the pH, the uranium concentration and the chemical composition of the solution.This work was funded by the grants CGL2009-09760 and CGL2012-36505 (Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovación), and RNM 3943 (Junta de Andalucía), Spain

Regulation of peripheral blood flow in Complex Regional Pain Syndrome: clinical implication for symptomatic relief and pain management

Background. During the chronic stage of Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS), impaired microcirculation is related to increased vasoconstriction, tissue hypoxia, and metabolic tissue acidosis in the affected limb. Several mechanisms may be responsible for the ischemia and pain in chronic cold CPRS. Discussion. The diminished blood flow may be caused by either sympathetic dysfunction, hypersensitivity to circulating catecholamines, or endothelial dysfunction. The pain may be of neuropathic, inflammatory, nociceptive, or functional nature, or of mixed origin. Summary. The origin of the pain should be the basis of the symptomatic therapy. Since the difference in temperature between both hands fluctuates over time in cold CRPS, when in doubt, the clinician should prioritize the patient's report of a persistent cold extremity over clinical tests that show no difference. Future research should focus on developing easily applied methods for clinical use to differentiate between central and peripheral blood flow regulation disorders in individual patients