51 research outputs found
A First Comparison of Kepler Planet Candidates in Single and Multiple Systems
In this letter we present an overview of the rich population of systems with
multiple candidate transiting planets found in the first four months of Kepler
data. The census of multiples includes 115 targets that show 2 candidate
planets, 45 with 3, 8 with 4, and 1 each with 5 and 6, for a total of 170
systems with 408 candidates. When compared to the 827 systems with only one
candidate, the multiples account for 17 percent of the total number of systems,
and a third of all the planet candidates. We compare the characteristics of
candidates found in multiples with those found in singles. False positives due
to eclipsing binaries are much less common for the multiples, as expected.
Singles and multiples are both dominated by planets smaller than Neptune; 69
+2/-3 percent for singles and 86 +2/-5 percent for multiples. This result, that
systems with multiple transiting planets are less likely to include a
transiting giant planet, suggests that close-in giant planets tend to disrupt
the orbital inclinations of small planets in flat systems, or maybe even to
prevent the formation of such systems in the first place.Comment: 13 pages, 13 figures, submitted to ApJ Letter
Modeling Kepler transit light curves as false positives: Rejection of blend scenarios for Kepler-9, and validation of Kepler-9d, a super-Earth-size planet in a multiple system
Light curves from the Kepler Mission contain valuable information on the
nature of the phenomena producing the transit-like signals. To assist in
exploring the possibility that they are due to an astrophysical false positive,
we describe a procedure (BLENDER) to model the photometry in terms of a "blend"
rather than a planet orbiting a star. A blend may consist of a background or
foreground eclipsing binary (or star-planet pair) whose eclipses are attenuated
by the light of the candidate and possibly other stars within the photometric
aperture. We apply BLENDER to the case of Kepler-9, a target harboring two
previously confirmed Saturn-size planets (Kepler-9b and Kepler-9c) showing
transit timing variations, and an additional shallower signal with a 1.59-day
period suggesting the presence of a super-Earth-size planet. Using BLENDER
together with constraints from other follow-up observations we are able to rule
out all blends for the two deeper signals, and provide independent validation
of their planetary nature. For the shallower signal we rule out a large
fraction of the false positives that might mimic the transits. The false alarm
rate for remaining blends depends in part (and inversely) on the unknown
frequency of small-size planets. Based on several realistic estimates of this
frequency we conclude with very high confidence that this small signal is due
to a super-Earth-size planet (Kepler-9d) in a multiple system, rather than a
false positive. The radius is determined to be 1.64 (+0.19/-0.14) R(Earth), and
current spectroscopic observations are as yet insufficient to establish its
mass.Comment: 20 pages in emulateapj format, including 8 tables and 16 figures. To
appear in ApJ, 1 January 2010. Accepted versio
Kepler-20: A Sun-like Star with Three Sub-Neptune Exoplanets and Two Earth-size Candidates
We present the discovery of the Kepler-20 planetary system, which we
initially identified through the detection of five distinct periodic transit
signals in the Kepler light curve of the host star 2MASSJ19104752+4220194. We
find a stellar effective temperature Teff=5455+-100K, a metallicity of
[Fe/H]=0.01+-0.04, and a surface gravity of log(g)=4.4+-0.1. Combined with an
estimate of the stellar density from the transit light curves we deduce a
stellar mass of Mstar=0.912+-0.034 Msun and a stellar radius of
Rstar=0.944^{+0.060}_{-0.095} Rsun. For three of the transit signals, our
results strongly disfavor the possibility that these result from astrophysical
false positives. We conclude that the planetary scenario is more likely than
that of an astrophysical false positive by a factor of 2e5 (Kepler-20b), 1e5
(Kepler-20c), and 1.1e3 (Kepler-20d), sufficient to validate these objects as
planetary companions. For Kepler-20c and Kepler-20d, the blend scenario is
independently disfavored by the achromaticity of the transit: From Spitzer data
gathered at 4.5um, we infer a ratio of the planetary to stellar radii of
0.075+-0.015 (Kepler-20c) and 0.065+-0.011 (Kepler-20d), consistent with each
of the depths measured in the Kepler optical bandpass. We determine the orbital
periods and physical radii of the three confirmed planets to be 3.70d and
1.91^{+0.12}_{-0.21} Rearth for Kepler-20b, 10.85 d and 3.07^{+0.20}_{-0.31}
Rearth for Kepelr-20c, and 77.61 d and 2.75^{+0.17}_{-0.30} Rearth for
Kepler-20d. From multi-epoch radial velocities, we determine the masses of
Kepler-20b and Kepler-20c to be 8.7\+-2.2 Mearth and 16.1+-3.5 Mearth,
respectively, and we place an upper limit on the mass of Kepler-20d of 20.1
Mearth (2 sigma).Comment: accepted by ApJ, 58 pages, 12 figures revised Jan 2012 to correct
table 2 and clarify planet parameter extractio
On the Perturbative Stability of Quantum Field Theories in de Sitter Space
We use a field theoretic generalization of the Wigner-Weisskopf method to
study the stability of the Bunch-Davies vacuum state for a massless,
conformally coupled interacting test field in de Sitter space. We find that in
theory the vacuum does {\em not} decay, while in
non-conformally invariant models, the vacuum decays as a consequence of a
vacuum wave function renormalization that depends \emph{singularly} on
(conformal) time and is proportional to the spatial volume. In a particular
regularization scheme the vacuum wave function renormalization is the same as
in Minkowski spacetime, but in terms of the \emph{physical volume}, which leads
to an interpretation of the decay. A simple example of the impact of vacuum
decay upon a non-gaussian correlation is discussed. Single particle excitations
also decay into two particle states, leading to particle production that
hastens the exiting of modes from the de Sitter horizon resulting in the
production of \emph{entangled superhorizon pairs} with a population consistent
with unitary evolution. We find a non-perturbative, self-consistent "screening"
mechanism that shuts off vacuum decay asymptotically, leading to a stationary
vacuum state in a manner not unlike the approach to a fixed point in the space
of states.Comment: 36 pages, 4 figures. Version to appear in JHEP, more explanation
The need for intra aortic balloon pump support following open heart surgery: risk analysis and outcome
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The early and intermediate outcome of patients requiring intraaortic balloon pump (IABP) was studied in a cohort of 2697 adult cardiac surgical patients.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>136 patients requiring IABP (5.04%) support analysed over a 4 year period. Prospective data collection, obtained.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The overall operative mortality was 35.3%. The "operation specific" mortality was higher on the Valve population.</p> <p>The mortality (%) as per time of balloon insertion was: Preoperative 18.2, Intraopeartive 33.3, postoperative 58.3 (p < 0.05).</p> <p>The incremental risk factors for death were: Female gender (Odds Ratio (OR) = 3.87 with Confidence Intervals (CI) = 1.3-11.6), Smoking (OR = 4.88, CI = 1.23- 19.37), Preoperative Creatinine>120 (OR = 3.3, CI = 1.14-9.7), Cross Clamp time>80 min (OR = 4.16, CI = 1.73-9.98) and IABP insertion postoperatively (OR = 19.19, CI = 3.16-116.47).</p> <p>The incremental risk factors for the development of complications were: Poor EF (OR = 3.16, CI = 0.87-11.52), Euroscore >7 (OR = 2.99, CI = 1.14-7.88), history of PVD (OR = 4.99, CI = 1.32-18.86).</p> <p>The 5 years survival was 79.2% for the CABG population and 71.5% for the valve group. (Hazard ratio = 1.78, CI = 0.92-3.46).</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>IABP represents a safe option of supporting the failing heart. The need for IABP especially in a high risk Valve population is associated with early unfavourable outcome, however the positive mid term results further justify its use.</p
A small non-vanishing cosmological constant from vacuum energy: physically and observationally desirable
Increasing improvements in the independent determinations of the Hubble
constant and the age of the universe now seem to indicate that we need a small
non-vanishing cosmological constant to make the two independent observations
consistent with each other. The cosmological constant can be physically
interpreted as due to the vacuum energy of quantized fields. To make the
cosmological observations consistent with each other we would need a vacuum
energy density, today ( in the cosmological
units ). It is argued in this article that such a vacuum energy
density is natural in the context of phase transitions linked to massive
neutrinos. In fact, the neutrino masses required to provide the right vacuum
energy scale to remove the age Vs Hubble constant discrepancy are consistent
with those required to solve the solar neutrino problem by the MSW mechanism.Comment: 25 pages, latex, revised version to appear in Phys. Rev. D52 (1995):
contains an expanded and clarified discussion of the particle physics model
and connected issue
Two Earth-sized planets orbiting Kepler-20
Since the discovery of the first extrasolar giant planets around Sun-like
stars, evolving observational capabilities have brought us closer to the
detection of true Earth analogues. The size of an exoplanet can be determined
when it periodically passes in front of (transits) its parent star, causing a
decrease in starlight proportional to its radius. The smallest exoplanet
hitherto discovered has a radius 1.42 times that of the Earth's radius (R
Earth), and hence has 2.9 times its volume. Here we report the discovery of two
planets, one Earth-sized (1.03R Earth) and the other smaller than the Earth
(0.87R Earth), orbiting the star Kepler-20, which is already known to host
three other, larger, transiting planets. The gravitational pull of the new
planets on the parent star is too small to measure with current
instrumentation. We apply a statistical method to show that the likelihood of
the planetary interpretation of the transit signals is more than three orders
of magnitude larger than that of the alternative hypothesis that the signals
result from an eclipsing binary star. Theoretical considerations imply that
these planets are rocky, with a composition of iron and silicate. The outer
planet could have developed a thick water vapour atmosphere.Comment: Letter to Nature; Received 8 November; accepted 13 December 2011;
Published online 20 December 201
Characteristics of Kepler Planetary Candidates Based on the First Data Set: The Majority are Found to be Neptune-Size and Smaller
In the spring of 2009, the Kepler Mission commenced high-precision photometry
on nearly 156,000 stars to determine the frequency and characteristics of small
exoplanets, conduct a guest observer program, and obtain asteroseismic data on
a wide variety of stars. On 15 June 2010 the Kepler Mission released data from
the first quarter of observations. At the time of this publication, 706 stars
from this first data set have exoplanet candidates with sizes from as small as
that of the Earth to larger than that of Jupiter. Here we give the identity and
characteristics of 306 released stars with planetary candidates. Data for the
remaining 400 stars with planetary candidates will be released in February
2011. Over half the candidates on the released list have radii less than half
that of Jupiter. The released stars include five possible multi-planet systems.
One of these has two Neptune-size (2.3 and 2.5 Earth-radius) candidates with
near-resonant periods.Comment: Paper to accompany Kepler's June 15, 2010 data release; submitted to
Astrophysical Journal Figures 1,2,& 3 revised. Improved labeling on all
figures. Slight changes to planet frequencies in result
Architecture and Dynamics of Kepler's Candidate Multiple Transiting Planet Systems
About one-third of the ~1200 transiting planet candidates detected in the
first four months of \ik data are members of multiple candidate systems. There
are 115 target stars with two candidate transiting planets, 45 with three, 8
with four, and one each with five and six. We characterize the dynamical
properties of these candidate multi-planet systems. The distribution of
observed period ratios shows that the vast majority of candidate pairs are
neither in nor near low-order mean motion resonances. Nonetheless, there are
small but statistically significant excesses of candidate pairs both in
resonance and spaced slightly too far apart to be in resonance, particularly
near the 2:1 resonance. We find that virtually all candidate systems are
stable, as tested by numerical integrations that assume a nominal mass-radius
relationship. Several considerations strongly suggest that the vast majority of
these multi-candidate systems are true planetary systems. Using the observed
multiplicity frequencies, we find that a single population of planetary systems
that matches the higher multiplicities underpredicts the number of
singly-transiting systems. We provide constraints on the true multiplicity and
mutual inclination distribution of the multi-candidate systems, revealing a
population of systems with multiple super-Earth-size and Neptune-size planets
with low to moderate mutual inclinations.Comment: 27 pages, 19 figures, 8 tables, emulateapj style. Accepted to ApJ.
This version includes several minor changes to the tex
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