All that glisters is not gold: a comparison of electronic monitoring versus filled prescriptions – an observational study

BACKGROUND: Poor compliance with antihypertensive medication is assumed to be an important reason for unsatisfactory control of blood pressure. Poor compliance is difficult to detect. Each method of measuring compliance has its own strengths and weaknesses. The aim of the present study was to compare patient compliance with antihypertensive drugs as measured by two methods, electronic monitoring versus refill compliance. METHODS: 161 patients with a diagnosis of hypertension for at least a year prior to inclusion, and inadequate blood pressure control (systolic blood pressure ≥ 160 mmHg and/or diastolic blood pressure ≥ 95 mmHg) despite the use of antihypertensive drugs, were included. Patients' pharmacy records from 12 months prior to inclusion were obtained. Refill compliance was calculated as the number of days for which the pills were prescribed divided by the total number of days in this period. After inclusion compliance was measured with an electronic monitor that records time and date of each opening of the pillbox. Agreement between both compliance measures was calculated using Spearman's correlation coefficient and Cohen's kappa coefficient. RESULTS: There was very little agreement between the two measures. Whereas refill compliance showed a large range of values, compliance as measured by electronic monitoring was high in almost all patients with estimates between 90% and 100%. Cohen's kappa coefficient was 0.005. CONCLUSION: While electronic monitoring is often considered to be the gold standard for compliance measurements, our results suggest that a short-term electronic monitoring period with the patient being aware of electronic monitoring is probably insufficient to obtain valid compliance data. We conclude that there is a strong need for more studies that explore the effect of electronic monitoring on patient's compliance

2007 Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: The Task Force for the Management of Arterial Hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC)

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New measurement and reevaluation of the nuclear magnetic and quadrupole moments of 8^{8}Li and 9^{9}Li

The nuclear magnetic moment of $^{9}$Li and the quadrupole moments of $^{8}$Li and $^{9}$Li have been measured using $\beta$-asymmetry detection of nuclear magnetic resonance ($\beta$-NMR) on optically polarized beams at ISOLDE/CERN. The radioactive beams were implanted in Si for g factor measurements and in Zn, LiNbO$_{3}$, and LiTaO$_{3}$ crystals for quadrupole moment measurements. The electric field gradient V$_{zz}$ = 4.26(4) $\times$10$^{15}$ V/cm$^{2}$ is deduced for Li in Zn. Using a recently adopted reference value Q($^{7}$Li) = -40.0(3) mb, we reevaluated all earlier reported nuclear quadrupole moments of $^{8}$Li and $^{9}$Li. Based on all available previous and present data, the adopted quadrupole moments for these isotopes are Q($^{8}$Li) = +31.4(2) mb and Q($^{9}$Li) = - 30.6(2) mb. The magnetic moment of $^{9}$Li is deduced as $\mu(^{9}$Li) = 3.43678(6)$\mu\scriptstyle_\textrm{N}$ . The values are compared to predictions from shell-model and cluster-model calculations