9,436 research outputs found
NASA/MSFC FY88 Global Scale Atmospheric Processes Research Program Review
Interest in environmental issues and the magnitude of the environmental changes continues. One way to gain more understanding of the atmosphere is to make measurements on a global scale from space. The Earth Observation System is a series of new sensors to measure globally atmospheric parameters. Analysis of satellite data by developing algorithms to interpret the radiance information improves the understanding and also defines requirements for these sensors. One measure of knowledge of the atmosphere lies in the ability to predict its behavior. Use of numerical and experimental models provides a better understanding of these processes. These efforts are described in the context of satellite data analysis and fundamental studies of atmospheric dynamics which examine selected processes important to the global circulation
Growth or decline in the Church of England during the decade of Evangelism: did the Churchmanship of the Bishop matter?
The Decade of Evangelism occupied the attention of the Church of England throughout the 1990s. The present study employs the statistics routinely published by the Church of England in order to assess two matters: the extent to which these statistics suggest that the 43 individual dioceses finished the decade in a stronger or weaker position than they had entered it and the extent to which, according to these statistics, the performance of dioceses led by bishops shaped in the Evangelical tradition differed from the performance of dioceses led by bishops shaped in the Catholic tradition. The data demonstrated that the majority of dioceses were performing less effectively at the end of the decade than at the beginning, in terms of a range of membership statistics, and that the rate of decline varied considerably from one diocese to another. The only exception to the trend was provided by the diocese of London, which experienced some growth. The data also demonstrated that little depended on the churchmanship of the diocesan bishop in shaping diocesan outcomes on the performance indicators employed in the study
Eulerian spectral closures for isotropic turbulence using a time-ordered fluctuation-dissipation relation
Procedures for time-ordering the covariance function, as given in a previous
paper (K. Kiyani and W.D. McComb Phys. Rev. E 70, 066303 (2004)), are extended
and used to show that the response function associated at second order with the
Kraichnan-Wyld perturbation series can be determined by a local (in wavenumber)
energy balance. These time-ordering procedures also allow the two-time
formulation to be reduced to time-independent form by means of exponential
approximations and it is verified that the response equation does not have an
infra-red divergence at infinite Reynolds number. Lastly, single-time
Markovianised closure equations (stated in the previous paper above) are
derived and shown to be compatible with the Kolmogorov distribution without the
need to introduce an ad hoc constant.Comment: 12 page
Basic studies of baroclinic flows
Computations were completed of transition curves in the conventional annulus, including hysteresis effect. The model GEOSIM was used to compute the transition between axisymmetric flow and baroclinic wave flow in the conventional annulus experiments. Thorough testing and documentation of the GEOSIM code were also completed. The Spacelab 3 results from the Geophysical Fluid Flow Cell (GFFC) were reviewed and numerical modeling was performed of many of the cases with horizontal temperature gradients as well as heating from below, with different rates of rotation. A numerical study of the lower transition to axisymmetric flow in the baroclinic annulus was performed using GEOSIM
STUDIES ON THE HETEROLOGOUS IMMUNOGENICITY OF A METHANOL-INSOLUBLE FRACTION OF ATTENUATED TUBERCLE BACILLI (BCG) : II. PROTECTION AGAINST TUMOR ISOGRAFTS
A methanol-insoluble residue (MER) of phenol-killed attenuated tubercle bacilli (BCG), which has been reported previously to be capable of evoking heightened resistance to infection with antigenically unrelated microorganisms, was found to affect as well the resistance of highly inbred mice against tumor isografts. In most instances, the MER evoked heightened resistance against the tumor implants, but heightened susceptibility was the effect induced against two of the tumors tested, and no effect was elicited against one neoplasm. It is suggested that the heightened susceptibility occasionally produced by pretreatment with MER may also be of immunological nature, i.e. immunological enhancement. Treatment with MER was more effective when administered some time before tumor challenge than when given simultaneously with, or after, tumor implantation. The protective effects manifested against some tumors were of a high order, a significant number of animals rejecting the neoplastic implants, and were displayed even when several months elapsed between treatment and challenge. Living BCG and intact phenol-killed bacilli also evoked heightened resistance against some of the tumors tested, and in one experiment living BCG proved effective whereas MER did not. On the whole, however, MER was the most active (and least toxic, as shown previously) of the several tubercle bacillus preparations tested. MER elicited heightened reactivity against first transplant generation tumors as well as against tumors maintained for considerable periods of time by repeated animal passage, and against spontaneously arising as well as against induced neoplasms. The experimental parameters necessary to demonstrate maximal effects varied somewhat from tumor to tumor. In general, however, single intraperitoneal injections of small quantities of MER, of the order of 0.25 to 1.0 mg, afforded the best protection
P02.46. Double blind randomised controlled study of the acute (immediate) cardiovascular effects of reflexology in healthy volunteers and cardiac patients
Two Bipolar Outflows and Magnetic Fields in a Multiple Protostar System, L1448 IRS 3
We performed spectral line observations of CO J=2-1, 13CO J=1-0, and C18O
J=1-0 and polarimetric observations in the 1.3 mm continuum and CO J=2-1 toward
a multiple protostar system, L1448 IRS 3, in the Perseus molecular complex at a
distance of ~250 pc, using the BIMA array. In the 1.3 mm continuum, two sources
(IRS 3A and 3B) were clearly detected with estimated envelope masses of 0.21
and 1.15 solar masses, and one source (IRS 3C) was marginally detected with an
upper mass limit of 0.03 solar masses. In CO J=2-1, we revealed two outflows
originating from IRS 3A and 3B. The masses, mean number densities, momentums,
and kinetic energies of outflow lobes were estimated. Based on those estimates
and outflow features, we concluded that the two outflows are interacting and
that the IRS 3A outflow is nearly perpendicular to the line of sight. In
addition, we estimated the velocity, inclination, and opening of the IRS 3B
outflow using Bayesian statistics. When the opening angle is ~20 arcdeg, we
constrain the velocity to ~45 km/s and the inclination angle to ~57 arcdeg.
Linear polarization was detected in both the 1.3 mm continuum and CO J=2-1. The
linear polarization in the continuum shows a magnetic field at the central
source (IRS 3B) perpendicular to the outflow direction, and the linear
polarization in the CO J=2-1 was detected in the outflow regions, parallel or
perpendicular to the outflow direction. Moreover, we comprehensively discuss
whether the binary system of IRS 3A and 3B is gravitationally bound, based on
the velocity differences detected in 13CO J=1-0 and C18O J=1-0 observations and
on the outflow features. The specific angular momentum of the system was
estimated as ~3e20 cm^2/s, comparable to the values obtained from previous
studies on binaries and molecular clouds in Taurus.Comment: ApJ accepted, 20 pages, 2 tables, 10 figure
Historical background to the South African horse mackerel fishery and its management
The commercial fishery for the South African horse mackerel Trachurus capensis began in 1950. Horse mackerel are exploited by four fleets: purse-seine, offshore demersal, inshore demersal, and midwater trawl. Characterisation of the catches by these sectors is complex. A brief summary will be given here, and will be described in more detail later
- …