Chemical composition and diet adequacy offered to pre-school children at one beneficent institution in Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil

The nutritional constituints of the food offered to pre-school children at one Beneficent Institution in Manaus, AM, was determined as well as its nutrient adequacy ratio. Duplicate food samples were collected at (breakfast, lunch and snacks) and chemically analyzed. The most frequently consumed foods were beans (25,1%), milk with coffee (19.9%), tea/juice/ soda (13,9%) and rice (10,3%). Protein and energy adequacy was 126,1% and 32,42% respectively, considering the needs for the age group of 1 to 3 years, and 84% and 23,4% for the 4 to 6 years group. The amount of fiber total in the diet was low (5,6 g/dia). The Cu and Na adequacy was 431.8% and 293.6% and 512% and 384% respectively, considering the needs for the age group and the Ca, Zn and Fe was inferior to 50%.Determinou-se os constituintes nutricionais da alimentação de pré-escolares de uma creche de Manaus, AM, seguida da adequação da mesma. Foi realizada a coleta da alimentação (desjejum, almoço e lanches), por meio da porção em duplicata, e analisada quimicamente. Os alimentos frequentemente consumidos foram feijão (25,1%), leite com café (19.9%), chá/sucos/refrigerantes (13,9%) e arroz (10,3%). A adequação protéica e energética foram de 126,1% e 32,42%, considerando as necessidades para as faixas etárias de 1 a 3 anos e 84% e 23,4% para o intervalo de 4 a 6. A quantidade de fibra total encontrada na dieta analisada foi baixa (5,6 g/dia). A adequação de consumo de Cu (431.8% c 293.6%) c Na (512% e 384%), considerando as faixas de 1 a 3 anos e 4 a 6 anos, respectivamente. Ca, Zn e Fe foram limitantes, com adequação inferior a 50%

The gut of the finch: uniqueness of the gut microbiome of the Galápagos vampire finch

Background: Darwin’s finches are a clade of 19 species of passerine birds native to the Galápagos Islands, whose biogeography, specialized beak morphologies, and dietary choices—ranging from seeds to blood—make them a classic example of adaptive radiation. While these iconic birds have been intensely studied, the composition of their gut microbiome and the factors influencing it, including host species, diet, and biogeography, has not yet been explored. Results: We characterized the microbial community associated with 12 species of Darwin’s finches using high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing of fecal samples from 114 individuals across nine islands, including the unusual blood-feeding vampire finch (Geospiza septentrionalis) from Darwin and Wolf Islands. The phylum-level core gut microbiome for Darwin’s finches included the Firmicutes, Gammaproteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, with members of the Bacteroidetes at conspicuously low abundance. The gut microbiome was surprisingly well conserved across the diversity of finch species, with one exception—the vampire finch—which harbored bacteria that were either absent or extremely rare in other finches, including Fusobacterium, Cetobacterium, Ureaplasma, Mucispirillum, Campylobacter, and various members of the Clostridia—bacteria known from the guts of carnivorous birds and reptiles. Complementary stable isotope analysis of feathers revealed exceptionally high δ15N isotope values in the vampire finch, resembling top marine predators. The Galápagos archipelago is also known for extreme wet and dry seasons, and we observed a significant seasonal shift in the gut microbial community of five additional finch species sampled during both seasons. Conclusions: This study demonstrates the overall conservatism of the finch gut microbiome over short (< 1 Ma) divergence timescales, except in the most extreme case of dietary specialization, and elevates the evolutionary importance of seasonal shifts in driving not only species adaptation, but also gut microbiome composition

The gut of the finch: uniqueness of the gut microbiome of the Galápagos vampire finch.

BACKGROUND: Darwin's finches are a clade of 19 species of passerine birds native to the Galápagos Islands, whose biogeography, specialized beak morphologies, and dietary choices-ranging from seeds to blood-make them a classic example of adaptive radiation. While these iconic birds have been intensely studied, the composition of their gut microbiome and the factors influencing it, including host species, diet, and biogeography, has not yet been explored. RESULTS: We characterized the microbial community associated with 12 species of Darwin's finches using high-throughput 16S rRNA sequencing of fecal samples from 114 individuals across nine islands, including the unusual blood-feeding vampire finch (Geospiza septentrionalis) from Darwin and Wolf Islands. The phylum-level core gut microbiome for Darwin's finches included the Firmicutes, Gammaproteobacteria, and Actinobacteria, with members of the Bacteroidetes at conspicuously low abundance. The gut microbiome was surprisingly well conserved across the diversity of finch species, with one exception-the vampire finch-which harbored bacteria that were either absent or extremely rare in other finches, including Fusobacterium, Cetobacterium, Ureaplasma, Mucispirillum, Campylobacter, and various members of the Clostridia-bacteria known from the guts of carnivorous birds and reptiles. Complementary stable isotope analysis of feathers revealed exceptionally high δ15N isotope values in the vampire finch, resembling top marine predators. The Galápagos archipelago is also known for extreme wet and dry seasons, and we observed a significant seasonal shift in the gut microbial community of five additional finch species sampled during both seasons. CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates the overall conservatism of the finch gut microbiome over short (< 1 Ma) divergence timescales, except in the most extreme case of dietary specialization, and elevates the evolutionary importance of seasonal shifts in driving not only species adaptation, but also gut microbiome composition

What makes a cyanobacterial bloom disappear? A review of the abiotic and biotic cyanobacterial bloom loss factors

Cyanobacterial blooms present substantial challenges to managers and threaten ecological and public health. Although the majority of cyanobacterial bloom research and management focuses on factors that control bloom initiation, duration, toxicity, and geographical extent, relatively little research focuses on the role of loss processes in blooms and how these processes are regulated. Here, we define a loss process in terms of population dynamics as any process that removes cells from a population, thereby decelerating or reducing the development and extent of blooms. We review abiotic (e.g., hydraulic flushing and oxidative stress/UV light) and biotic factors (e.g., allelopathic compounds, infections, grazing, and resting cells/programmed cell death) known to govern bloom loss. We found that the dominant loss processes depend on several system specific factors including cyanobacterial genera-specific traits, in situ physicochemical conditions, and the microbial, phytoplankton, and consumer community composition. We also address loss processes in the context of bloom management and discuss perspectives and challenges in predicting how a changing climate may directly and indirectly affect loss processes on blooms. A deeper understanding of bloom loss processes and their underlying mechanisms may help to mitigate the negative consequences of cyanobacterial blooms and improve current management strategies