European Citizenship: Development, Influence, and Challenges

Rad analizira koncept europskog državljanstva, njegove najvažnije aspekte i prava i slobode koje taj koncept podrazumijeva. Proučavaju se najvažniji pravni izvori europskog državljanstva: osnivački ugovori Europske unije, njene regulative i direktive, kao i dugogodišnja sudska praksa koja je imala ključnu ulogu u razvoju ovog koncepta u Europskoj uniji. Posebno se analiziraju prava i slobode europskog državljanjstva, poput prava na slobodu kretanja i prebivališta. Posebno mjesto u ovom radu zauzimaju i sudski precedenti i predmeti pred Europskim sudom pravde koji su oblikovali primjenu prava o europskom državljanstvu, i njihovom analizom ilustruje se povijesni razvoj i pravna transformacija ovog koncepta. U radu se prikazuje i ideološki aspekt europskog državljanstva: ideju europskog identiteta, njen odnos i utjecaj na koncept europskog državljanstva.The authors analyse the concept of European citizenship, its most important aspects and the rights and freedoms it encompasses. The most important legal sources of European citizenship are analysed: the founding treaties of the EU, the regulations and directives of the EU institutions, and the long-term judicial practice of the European Court of Justice that has played a key role in the development of this area of EU law. The paper further explores the rights and freedoms of European citizenship, such as the freedom of movement and residence, in order to better comprehend the complexity of European citizenship law. The paper also takes a deeper look into the case law of the ECJ, and the manner it has changed the interpretation of the law on European citizenship. By analysing certain landmark cases, the paper illustrates the historical development and legal transformation the concept has undergone. Finally, the paper explores the ideological aspect of European citizenship – the idea of European identity and its influence on European citizenship – to better understand the driving forces and ideals behind the concep

International and European administrative standards : towards professional public administration in Serbia

Konceptualna pitanja reforme javne uprave kao što su jačanje profesionalizma i odgovornosti u radu uprave od suštinskog su značaja za unapređenje uprave u Republici Srbiji i usaglašavanje sa međunarodnim i evropskim principima. U radu se analiziraju međunarodni i evropski standardi o unapređenju javne uprave, sa posebnim osvrtom na profesionalizaciju uprave kroz uspostavljanje strateškog, pravnog i institucionalnog okvira i preduzimanje neophodnih mera jačanja sistema upravljanja kadrovima. Prikazani su najznačajniji evropski upravni standardi i njihovo usaglašavanje sa pravilima i praksom u Srbiji. Iako je strateški i pravni okvir funkcionisanja sistema uprave u potpunosti usaglašen sa međunarodnim i evropskim principima, aktuelni su napori da se pravna rešenja implementiraju u praksi.The paper analyses international and European administrative standards promoting legality, professionalism, responsibility and public service integrity. They have a strong influence on the development and implementation of the standards in national public administration systems. In the context of the public administration reform in the Republic of Serbia, they strongly accelerate reform process regarding legal, institutional, ethical and other aspects. The scientific justification of the paper has been reflected through analysis and synthesis of International and European administration principles and their implementation in Serbian regulation and practice. Prevailing research methods are theoretical and normative, comparative and descriptive research methods

Theoretical understandings of the concept of a 'public servant' towards a common definition

The public law theorists have been attempting to determine the meaning of the concept of 'public servant' on the basis of various criteria. The existing theoretical views often reflect the dynamics of administrative development of individual countries, which directly affects the status and the role of a public servant. Given the lack of a 'universal definition', the objective of this paper is to point to the diverse theoretical definitions of the notion of the public servants, which are often associated with the role and characteristics of an individual country's public administration, legal tradition, and political and social system. Notwithstanding the existing theoretical differences, the paper also aims to establish the common and essential elements of the concept of a public servant, which transcend the national differences. Although the theoretical concept of the public servants offered by legal science often relies on a definition of positive law, the divergences of scientific opinions keep shaping the normative reality as well

Alignment of the Serbian civil service legislation with the EU accession requirements

The objective of the paper is to assess the degree of alignment of key aspects of the Serbian civil service legislation with the EU accession requirements. As Serbia aspires to become the EU member state, it is important that its civil service legislation is aligned the EU accession requirements, which should ensure civil service effectiveness during the negotiation process and subsequently within the EU system. Special attention in the paper is paid to the assessment of civil service professional development rules and practices, which include civil servants training, performance appraisal and promotion. The authors argue that the Serbian civil service legislation which governs professional development is still not fully aligned with the EU accession standards. In spite of the fact that the normative-legal framework mainly reflects the EU requirements, its level of implementation and effectiveness is not satisfactory. The authors conclude that additional legal and socio-political changes need to take place in order to achieve progress in this area

Jačanje kapaciteta policije u procesu evropskih integracija

In order to be able to take on obligations from the EU membership, countries which are preparing to become the EU member states need to have adequate institutional capacities, which include modern human resource management systems. Further strengthening of institutional capacities at all administrative levels is also important for the Republic of Serbia, especially of its judicial and police structures in order to apply instruments of the Chapter 24, acquiscommunautaire – Justice, Freedom and Security. This paper analyses implementation of measures aimed at professionalization of the Serbian police and strengthening its structural and operational capacities. Authors analyze provisions of the new Law on Police which create conditions for establishing the new civil service system and modern concept of human resource management in police, reorganization of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, more precise definition of police authorities, measures and acts and introduction of stricter measures for suppression of corruption in the Ministry and strengthening of professional integrity of employees. The implementation of the modern concept of human resource management facilitates protection of the citizens’ rights and freedoms, strengthening of legal security of the employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and enhancement of police operation

Performance Appraisal of Civil Servants : comparative perspectives

A number of European countries introduced new civil service performance appraisal systems over the past decade. The current reform trends in the EU member states emphasise the need for development of a modern performance appraisal model, where measurable performance targets, agreed between civil servants and their superiors, constitute the main performance appraisal criterion. There is also a visible trend of linking performance appraisal to other human resource management functions, such as promotion, professional development, remuneration, mobility, termination of employment. This paper provides a comparative review of good practice of performance appraisal in European countries. Comparison of European countries performance appraisal models provides an opportunity for learning from experiences and problems of others, taking into account particularities of national administrative systems. Improvements in the methods, criteria, ratings and style of communication are the most debated instruments. In the context of current changes of the Serbian civil service legislation, the emphasis is on development of professional capacities and introduction of modern performance appraisal system. The authors assess the current performance appraisal system in Serbia, pointing out its strengths and weaknesses, measured against the SIGMA Principles of Public Administration and give proposals for its improvement

Gender (In)Equality in Policing: The Perception of Montenegrin Police Officers

This paper aims to analyse the Montenegrin police officers’ perception of gender equality. The findings are based on comprehensive empirical research of the perception of both male and female police officers in Montenegro, carried out in May 2020 in the form of an online questionnaire survey, and the collected data was subsequently analysed using statistical methods. The research results have indicated the key challenges faced by women in the Montenegrin police force: the perception that women should primarily perform administrative rather than managerial jobs, insufficient opportunities for career advancement, poor attitudes of executives towards women, and incidents of sexual harassment. The paper also attempts to shed light on a broader social context and the status of women in the police force by demonstrating that the inequality of women in the Montenegrin police force can be attributed at least in part to a deeprooted perception of the traditional patriarchal role of women in the family and in society

Teaching Competencies of Pre-service Primary School Teachers to Use an Integrated Approach in Teaching Science, Art, and Mathematics

STEAM (Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts and Mathematics) as a form of integration of different disciplines is recognized as a field that teaches twenty- first century skills since it incorporates many hands-on activities focused on solving problems, development of creativity, innovative and critical thinking, encouragement of social competences through cooperation and sharing results. Teacher education programs predict that preservice primary teachers acquire knowledge of separate scientific disciplines and develop pedagogical skills of subject specific didactics during their studies. On the other hand, integration of different subject contents takes up only a small part, if any, of the curriculum. The purpose of this study is to examine the self-reported teaching competences of final year preservice primary teachers for using an integrated approach in their future work. By using questionnaire technique, qualitative data was collected from 55 pre-service primary teachers. The results showed that although student teachers have a positive attitude towards an integrated approach, they do not possess optimal level of teaching competences to teach it. The results indicate that existing teacher education programs need to be improved and modernized in order to prepare the pre-service primary teachers of the twenty-first century.https://pefja.kg.ac.rs/pctja-19-173dj/Publishe

Synthesis, characterization and photocatalytic properties of LaNiO3-based powders

Lanthanum nickelate (LaNiO3, LNO) belongs to the group of materials with perovskite-type structure and it crystallizes in rhombohedrally distorted perovskite lattice. This material exhibits interesting electrical, magnetic, optical and catalytic properties and it is suitable for various applications. Still, the preparation of single phase LNO is difficult, because at temperatures above 850 °C it decomposes into the lower oxides with formula Lan+1NinO3n+1 (n = 3, 2, 1) and NiO. In this work we present the synthesis of pure and Nb doped LNO powders, LaNi1-xNbxO3 (x = 0.000, 0.005, 0.010) prepared from mechanochemically activated oxide precursors – La2O3, NiO and Nb2O5. For this experiment, precursor powders homogenized in isopropyl alcohol were dried and mechanochemically activated in the planetary ball mill for 3 h. As-prepared powders were calcined at 700 °C for 3 h in air and further analyzed by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and UV-Vis spectroscopy. Photocatalytic activity in visible light was investigated. The XRD analysis of undoped LNO revealed the existence of rhombohedral LaNiO3 and small amount of NiO phase. The doped samples, apart from LNO, contained products of thermal decomposition – layered oxides and NiO. TEM and HRTEM analyses of undoped LNO revealed the presence of agglomerated particles with single particle size being in the range of 20–40 nm. Doping with Nb led to decrease of agglomeration process and allowed better dispersion between particles of LNO based powders. Calculated band gaps were 1.12 eV, 0.89 eV and 0.87 eV for x = 0.00, 0.005, 0.010. The absorption spectra indicated photocatalytic degradation of Reactive Orange 16, textile dye used as a model in these experiments

Synthesis and characterization of Nb-doped lanthanum nickelate La(Ni,Nb)O3

Perovskite type ceramic materials with general formula ABO3 are very important class of materials due to their various chemical and physical properties. They have wide applications such as electrode material for solid state fuel cells (SOFC), capacitors, resistors, superconductors, catalysts, electrolytes, microwave devices, and magnetoresitant materials [1, 2]. Lanthanum nickelate (LaNiO3, LNO) is a ternary oxide with rhombohedrally distorted perovskite lattice. In LNO trivalent nickel ions (Ni3+) are in low spin configuration (t2g 6eg 1) and the conduction band is formed by the hybridization of the egorbitals of Ni3+ and the p-orbitals of oxygen. As a result, LNO shows metallic n-type conductivity in wide temperature range [3]. For this reason LNO has been proposed as a cathode material for intermediate-temperature SOFCs (IT-SOFCs) with operating temperature range of 650-800 °C. The possible dawbacks of LNO as a potential material for this application are poor density and thermal unstability at temperatures higher than 850 °C, when LNO starts gradually to decompose into the lower oxides Lan+1NinO3n+1 (n = 3, 2, 1) and NiO. Still, all of these La-Ni-O compounds exhibit high electronic conduction within the NiO6 octahedra in their perovskite layers and excellent oxygen ionic conductivity through oxygen interstitials on the LaO rock-salt plane. Also, their coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) matches those of materials commonly used as IT-SOFC electrolyte and anode [1]. A possible use of LNO as a cathode for SOFC requires the improvement of its thermal stability and enhancement of density of ceramic samples. The aim of this work was to fullfill these requirements by doping of lanthanum-nickelate into the B site. Using transition metal of higher valency than Ni3+ as a dopant, could enhance the electron concentration and carrier mobility, which results in improvement of electrical conductivity of ceramic material. Doping could also influence the sintering process and improve the density of the ceramic materials. In this work we present dense ceramic materials of LaNi1- xNbxO3 (x = 0.005, 0.05) prepared by mechanochemically assisted solid state method. La2O3, NiO and Nb2O5, used as a precursor reagents, were mechanochemically activated in the planetary ball mill for 5 h. Obtained powders were calcined at 700 °C for 3h in air, and afterwards sintered at 900 °C and 1200 °C for 2 h and 10 h in different atmospheres (air and oxygen). The influence of Nb doping on electrical properties and microstructure of LaNi1-xNbxO3 ceramic materials was investigated. All samples were analyzed by X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Electrical conductivity of ceramic LaNi1-xNbxO3 samples was measured in different mediums and complete characterization of electrical properties was performed. The XRD analysis indicated the existence of secondary phases Lan+1NinO3n+1 and NiO along with the rhombohedral LaNiO3. Samples sintered at 900 °C in oxygen atmosphere for 2 h had density of 64 % and 60 % for x = 0.005 and x = 0.05 (Fig. 1). The electrical conductivity was improved by doping with Nb, and obtained values were 2.7 S cm and 2.6 S cm for x = 0.005 and x = 0.05 at room temperature. The obtained results confirmed that doping by Nb along with sintering in oxygen atmosphere can improve electrical conductivity, density, and thermal stability. References [1] R.K. Sharma, E. Djurado, J Mater Chem A, 5 (2017) 22277-22287. [2].A. S. Bhalla, R. Guo, R. Roy, Mat Res Innovat, 4 (2000) 3-26. [3] K. Sreedhar et al., Phys Rev B, 46 (1992) 6382-6386