8 research outputs found
Preparation de materiaux renforces utilisables en chirurgie orthopedique et traumatologique
Action concertee: Materiaux macromoleculairesSIGLEAvailable from Centre de Documentation Scientifique et Technique, CNRS, 26 rue Boyer, 75971 Paris Cedex 20 (France) / INIST-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et TechniqueFRFranc
Global Carbon Budget 2020
Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate â the âglobal carbon budgetâ â is important to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) and terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) are estimated with global process models constrained by observations. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1Ï. For the last decade available (2010â2019), EFOS was 9.6â±â0.5âGtCâyrâ1 excluding the cement carbonation sink (9.4â±â0.5âGtCâyrâ1 when the cement carbonation sink is included), and ELUC was 1.6â±â0.7âGtCâyrâ1. For the same decade, GATM was 5.1â±â0.02âGtCâyrâ1 (2.4â±â0.01âppmâyrâ1), SOCEAN 2.5â±â 0.6âGtCâyrâ1, and SLAND 3.4â±â0.9âGtCâyrâ1, with a budget imbalance BIM of â0.1âGtCâyrâ1 indicating a near balance between estimated sources and sinks over the last decade. For the year 2019 alone, the growth in EFOS was only about 0.1â% with fossil emissions increasing to 9.9â±â0.5âGtCâyrâ1 excluding the cement carbonation sink (9.7â±â0.5âGtCâyrâ1 when cement carbonation sink is included), and ELUC was 1.8â±â0.7âGtCâyrâ1, for total anthropogenic CO2 emissions of 11.5â±â0.9âGtCâyrâ1 (42.2â±â3.3âGtCO2). Also for 2019, GATM was 5.4â±â0.2âGtCâyrâ1 (2.5â±â0.1âppmâyrâ1), SOCEAN was 2.6â±â0.6âGtCâyrâ1, and SLAND was 3.1â±â1.2âGtCâyrâ1, with a BIM of 0.3âGtC. The global atmospheric CO2 concentration reached 409.85â±â0.1âppm averaged over 2019. Preliminary data for 2020, accounting for the COVID-19-induced changes in emissions, suggest a decrease in EFOS relative to 2019 of about â7â% (median estimate) based on individual estimates from four studies of â6â%, â7â%, â7â% (â3â% to â11â%), and â13â%. Overall, the mean and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959â2019, but discrepancies of up to 1âGtCâyrâ1 persist for the representation of semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. Comparison of estimates from diverse approaches and observations shows (1) no consensus in the mean and trend in land-use change emissions over the last decade, (2) a persistent low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) an apparent discrepancy between the different methods for the ocean sink outside the tropics, particularly in the Southern Ocean. This living data update documents changes in the methods and data sets used in this new global carbon budget and the progress in understanding of the global carbon cycle compared with previous publications of this data set (Friedlingstein et al., 2019; Le QuĂ©rĂ© et al., 2018b, a, 2016, 2015b, a, 2014, 2013). The data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/gcp-2020 (Friedlingstein et al., 2020)
Supplemental data of Global Carbon Project 2020
Supplement containing data related to the 2020 Global Carbon Budget from the Global Carbon Project. The original article is Friedlingstein et al: Global Carbon Budget 2020, Earth Syst. Sci. Data Discussions, 2020. https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-12-3269-2020. Further information is available on: http://www.globalcarbonproject.org/carbonbudget. File Global_Carbon_Budget_2020v1.0.xlsx includes the following: 1. Summary 2. Global Carbon Budget 3. Fossil fuel emissions by Fuel Type 4. Land-use change emissions 5. Ocean Sink 6. Terrestrial sink 7. Historical Budget. File National_Carbon_Emissions_2020v1.0.xlsx includes the following: 1. Summary 2. Territorial emissions 3. Consumption emissions 4. Emissions transfers 5. Country definitions 6. Disaggregation 7. Aggregatio
Author Correction: The FLUXNET2015 dataset and the ONEFlux processing pipeline for eddy covariance data (Scientific Data, (2020), 7, 1, (225), 10.1038/s41597-020-0534-3)
The following authors were omitted from the original version of this Data Descriptor: Markus Reichstein and Nicolas Vuichard. Both contributed to the code development and N. Vuichard contributed to the processing of the ERA-Interim data downscaling. Furthermore, the contribution of the co-author Frank Tiedemann was re-evaluated relative to the colleague Corinna Rebmann, both working at the same sites, and based on this re-evaluation a substitution in the co-author list is implemented (with Rebmann replacing Tiedemann). Finally, two affiliations were listed incorrectly and are corrected here (entries 190 and 193). The author list and affiliations have been amended to address these omissions in both the HTML and PDF versions. © 2021, This is a U.S. government work and not under copyright protection in the U.S.; foreign copyright protection may apply