THE LEVEL, EVOLUTION AND TRENDS OF THE PHENOMEN ON MONEY LAUNDERING

Money laundering is the process by which criminals create the illusion that the money they have is their own and they have the right to dispose of it as they wish, over time, using several methods to camouflage large sums of money resulting in following illegal business. The study and in-depth knowledge of the great diversity of criminal methods, brings to light, to counteract by legal action, crime both in a country and worldwide, being extremely useful in eradicating money laundering and underground economy procedures

Comparison of the Ability of Buffered Peptone Water and Neutralizing Buffered Peptone Water to Overcome Antimicrobial Carryover in Chicken Carcasses and Parts

Poultry is a known reservoir of Salmonella enterica, and poultry products have been repeatedly identified as transmission vehicles for this pathogen. Poultry processors have incorporated food safety antimicrobial interventions during processing, such as cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and peroxyacetic acid (PAA), to assist in reducing foodborne pathogen loads on raw carcasses and parts. The purpose of this study was to determine the capacity of Buffered Peptone Water (BPW) versus neutralizing Buffered Peptone Water (nBPW) to overcome antimicrobial carryover on whole chicken carcasses and chicken parts rinse collections during commercial harvest and fabrication. The null hypotheses for studies were that all rinse fluids tested (Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS), BPW, and nBPW) would have equivalent means for presumptive-positive Salmonella recovery. Detection for S. enterica was carried out according to biochemical testing methods designated by the U.S. Department of Agriculture for raw chicken carcasses and parts rinses. Recorded antimicrobial concentrations for PAA and CPC solutions on sampling days were 0.05%±0.007% and 0.50%±0.04%, respectively. The average presumptive-positive Salmonella recovery rates for PBS (control), BPW, and nBPW for chicken carcasses were 0%, 0%, and 13%, respectively, while rates for PBS, BPW, and nBPW for chicken parts were 4.8%, 12%, and 14%, respectively. Recovery rates for presumptive-positive Salmonella on whole carcass rinses differed as a result of rinse fluid for only nBPW (P<0.001, n<20). Statistical analysis indicated no significant difference in presumptive-positive Salmonella recoveries for chicken parts as a function of rinse fluid (PBS, BPW, nBPW) (P= 0.25, n=14). Given the outcomes of experiments, the null hypothesis was rejected for carcasses, but for parts, the corresponding null hypothesis was not able to be rejected. While these data show there was neutralizing ability for nBPW for carcass rinse collections, it does not provide evidence that nBPW is more effective as an antimicrobial neutralizing rinse fluid versus PBS or BPW for chicken parts. Further research must be conducted to determine if a stronger neutralizing formulation is required for parts rinses. Research should also be expanded to other chicken edible parts that are sampled per USDA-FSIS regulations to determine if results are similar to those obtained in the present study

Post-coital intra-cerebral venous hemorrhage in a 78-year-old man with jugular valve incompetence: a case report

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Spontaneous intra-cerebral hemorrhage can occur in patients with venous disease due to obstructed venous outflow.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>We report the case of a 78-year-old Caucasian man with jugular valve incompetence who experienced an intra-cerebral temporo-occipital hemorrhage following sexual intercourse. He had no other risk factors for an intra-cerebral hemorrhage.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of intra-cerebral hemorrhage due to jugular valve incompetence in association with the physical exertion associated with sexual intercourse.</p

Microemulsions of cinnamon and orange oils as an antimicrobial delivery system for Salmonella biofilms on stainless steel

Essential oils (EOs) are natural antimicrobials that can be used to develop intervention strategies to inhibit pathogens, but EOs are lipophilic. Colloidal systems, such as microemulsions, are needed for food industry applications. This dissertation focused on the development and characterization of a microemulsion composed of cinnamon oil (CO, Cinnamomum zeylanicum) and orange oil (OO, Citrus sinensis) to be used against Salmonella Enteritidis H4267 biofilms formed on stainless steel disc surfaces. First, the antimicrobial activity of CO and OO against S. Enteritidis H4267, either used in combination or in a microemulsion system, was determined. CO had a greater antimicrobial effect on S. Enteritidis H4267 when used in combination with OO than when individually (p® 20, 1% and 5% CO-OO (9:1) were transparent, thermodynamically stable microemulsions that had bactericidal activity on S. Enteritidis H4267. The second objective investigated the biofilm forming ability of S. Enteritidis H4267 and determined a method to remove biofilms on stainless steel disc surfaces. S. Enteritidis H4267 was determined to produce curli and cellulose indicative of biofilm development, and biofilms were formed on stainless steel disc surfaces. Sonication in 0.1% (w/v) peptone water for 30 sec effectively dislodged biofilms from disc surfaces without causing extensive cell death. Biofilms were treated with microemulsions and emulsion controls for 5 minutes to determine the antimicrobial activity in the third objective. The 2% SL, 5% CO-OO (9:1) microemulsions displayed the greatest antimicrobial activity against biofilms. This study demonstrated that OO enhances the bactericidal activity of CO when in an oil or microemulsion system, and co-encapsulated oils in microemulsions could be developed for antimicrobial delivery systems. Further research into developing microemulsions with positively charged droplets and with greater microemulsion exposure time should be investigated

Reconstructed human epidermis for assessment of percutaneous absorption in vitro a validation study

Titelblatt und Inhaltsverzeichnis Einleitung Material und Methoden Ergebnisse Diskussion Zusammenfassung LiteraturverzeichnisIn dieser Arbeit erfolgte die Charakterisierung der drei im Jahr 2002 kommerziell verfügbaren rekonstruierten humanen Epidermismodelle, SkinEthic®, EpiDerm und EPISKIN®, für die Bestimmung der perkutanen Absorption in vitro. Die Untersuchungen erfolgten im Rahmen einer vom BMBF geförderten Validierungsstudie mit Partnern aus Universitäten, Industrie und der ZEBET. Ziel des Projektes war die Etablierung einer standardisierten Testmethode für die Bestimmung der perkutanen Absorption in vitro mittels RHE. Um eine regulatorische Akzeptanz der Methode zu ermöglichen, galt es dem von der OECD geforderten Nachweis einer Vergleichbarkeit der RHE zu den bisher empfohlenen Referenzhäuten und -substanzen zu führen. Bis auf einzelne Ausnahmen waren die RHE-Modelle permeabler als Human- und Schweinehaut, die ein sehr ähnliches Permeationsprofil aufweisen. Das Ranking der Permeation durch RHE stellte sich im Allgemeinen wie folgt dar: SkinEthic® > EPISKIN® > EpiDerm . In Hinblick auf Reproduzierbarkeit der Permeationsparameter waren die Unterschiede der Streuungen zwischen den Testhäuten statistisch nicht signifikant, d. h. eine bessere Reproduzierbarkeit der mit den RHE-Modellen erhaltenen Testparameter konnte nicht gesichert werden, auch wenn sich eine Tendenz zur geringeren Streuung zeigte. Unterschiede zwischen den Laboratorien waren auf Grund des unbalanzierten Versuchsdesigns varianzanalytisch nicht erfassbar. Der Beitrag der Intra- und Interlaborvariabilität zur Gesamtstreuung war im Allgemeinen gleich groß. Der Vergleich der Permeationsdaten von Koffein und Testosteron aus der Prävalidierung mit der Validierung zeigte, dass hohe biologische Streuungen der eingesetzten Häute die Gewinnung reproduzierbarer Daten erschwert. Daher sollte bei einer Routinetestung neuer Substanzen Referenzsubstanzen mitgeführt werden. Dafür bieten sich die OECD- Standardsubstanzen Koffein und Testosteron, nicht aber Benzoesäure an, dessen Permeationsverhalten in den hier mittels HPLC Analytik vorgenommenen Versuchen inhomogen war. Ein Vergleich der Testhäute untereinander zeigte, dass das relative Ranking der Permeation über die drei untersuchten RHE-Modelle und Schweinehaut die Permeation in der humanen Epidermis widerspiegelt. Somit ist bei der Permeation aller untersuchten Häute/Modelle ein ausreichender Zusammenhang gegeben. Die in dieser Arbeit getesteten RHE-Modelle sind prinzipiell für die Bestimmung der perkutanen Absorption in vitro als Alternative zu Human- und Schweinehaut geeignet. Die Prüfung zukünftiger RHE-Modelle ist auf Grundlage des entwickelten Protokolls möglich. Die Daten, die erhalten wurden, erlauben zwar die Erstellung eines Prädiktionsmodells zur quantitativen Vorhersage der perkutanen Absorption bisher noch nicht, doch sind die Voraussetzungen für die Erstellung der benötigten Datenbasis geschaffen worden.Within this dissertation three RHE-models, SkinEthic®, EpiDerm und EPISKIN®, commercially available in 2002, were characterised for the assessment of percutaneous absorption in vitro. The studies have been conducted in the context of a validation study funded by the German Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) with partners from academia, industry and the ZEBET. The aim of the project was to establish a standardised test approach for assessment of percutaneous absorption in vitro based on RHE. In order to make a regulatory acceptance of the method by the OECD possible, the verification of the comparability of RHE with the previously recommended reference skins and substances was required. Except for individual cases RHE-models exceed the permeability of human and pig skin, whose permeation profile was quite similar. In general the permeation through RHE is ranked as follows: SkinEthic® > EPISKIN® > EpiDerm . In the face of the reproducibility of the data, differences in the variability between the tested skins were not statistically significant, i. e. a better reproducibility of the test parameters of the RHE has not been proven, despite of a tendency towards lower variability of the data. Due to the unbalanced study design, differences between the laboratories were not detectable based on the analysis of the variance. In general the contribution of intra- and interlaboratory variance to the overall variability was in the same range. Comparing the permeation of caffeine and testosterone obtained in the prevalidation with the validation study, high biologically variability of the tested skins complicates the generation of reproducible data. Thus, routine testing of new substances should be performed by testing standard substances in parallel. For these purposes the OECD reference substances caffeine and testosterone are appropriate, however not benzoic acid, whose permeation behaviour in the investigations using HPLC-analytic was inhomogeneous. Comparing the tested skins among themselves, the ranking of the permeation through the three tested RHE-models and pig skin reflects the permeation through human epidermis. Thus, in respect to permeation a sufficient correlation between all tested skins/models is given. In conclusion, the RHE-models investigated within this dissertation are appropriate as an alternative to human and pig skin for the assessment of percutaneous absorption in vitro in principle. Based on the developed test protocol, testing of further RHE-models in the future will be possible. The generated data are not sufficient for setting up a prediction model for quantitative prediction of percutaneous absorption up to now; however, the foundations for collecting of the required data base are laid

Districtus Walachorum : cercurile româneşti bănăţene

Timişoara : Analele Banatului, 1930. - 49 p. ; 8

Geomorfološki aspekt antropogenih utjecaja u gorskom području Južnih Karpata (Rumunjska)

This paper deals with some human geomorphological aspects concerning the impact in the alpine area of the Southern Carpathians (Transylvanian Alps). After fi eld investigations and taking into account the major effects of road building, military and mining activities, pasture and tourism activities in the geomorphological landscape we have the possibilities to present a distinct image of some relevant detailed situations. In our opinion the building of roads in the alpine area is by far the most dangerous way of intervention in the geomorphological landscape of the alpine area of the Southern Carpathians. The construction of these roads has altered the profi le of the slope and new scarps have appeared. This situation associated with the vibrations induced by the traffi c favours frost weathering, rock falling and rolling, coupled with the emergence of specifi c deposits and landforms (talus cones and scree) and, of course, with vertical and gully erosion, which is very typical of the area of soft rocks and soils.U članku se analiziraju geomorfološki aspekti antropogenog utjecaja u planinskom području Južnih Karpata (Transilvanske Alpe). Nakon terenskih istraživanja i razmatranja glavnih učinaka gradnje prometnica, vojnih i rudarskih djelatnosti, stočarstva i turizma u krajoliku, iscrpno su opisani konkretni slučajevi. Prema autorovu mišljenju, gradnja prometnica u planinskim područjima daleko je najopasnija intervencija za planinski geomorfološki krajolik Južnih Karpata. Ona je izmijenila profi l padina i stvorila nove strmce. Takvo stanje, povezano s vibracijama od prometa, mehaničkim trošenjem stijena, osipanjem i odronima na padinama, dovelo je do akumulacije specifi čnih taloga i nastanka reljefnih oblika te pojačane erozije tipične za područja mekog tla i stijena