109 research outputs found
THE LEVEL, EVOLUTION AND TRENDS OF THE PHENOMEN ON MONEY LAUNDERING
Money laundering is the process by which criminals create the illusion that the money they have is their own and they have the right to dispose of it as they wish, over time, using several methods to camouflage large sums of money resulting in following illegal business. The study and in-depth knowledge of the great diversity of criminal methods, brings to light, to counteract by legal action, crime both in a country and worldwide, being extremely useful in eradicating money laundering and underground economy procedures
Comparison of the Ability of Buffered Peptone Water and Neutralizing Buffered Peptone Water to Overcome Antimicrobial Carryover in Chicken Carcasses and Parts
Poultry is a known reservoir of Salmonella enterica, and poultry products have been repeatedly identified as transmission vehicles for this pathogen. Poultry processors have incorporated food safety antimicrobial interventions during processing, such as cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) and peroxyacetic acid (PAA), to assist in reducing foodborne pathogen loads on raw carcasses and parts. The purpose of this study was to determine the capacity of Buffered Peptone Water (BPW) versus neutralizing Buffered Peptone Water (nBPW) to overcome antimicrobial carryover on whole chicken carcasses and chicken parts rinse collections during commercial harvest and fabrication. The null hypotheses for studies were that all rinse fluids tested (Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS), BPW, and nBPW) would have equivalent means for presumptive-positive Salmonella recovery.
Detection for S. enterica was carried out according to biochemical testing methods designated by the U.S. Department of Agriculture for raw chicken carcasses and parts rinses. Recorded antimicrobial concentrations for PAA and CPC solutions on sampling days were 0.05%±0.007% and 0.50%±0.04%, respectively. The average presumptive-positive Salmonella recovery rates for PBS (control), BPW, and nBPW for chicken carcasses were 0%, 0%, and 13%, respectively, while rates for PBS, BPW, and nBPW for chicken parts were 4.8%, 12%, and 14%, respectively. Recovery rates for presumptive-positive Salmonella on whole carcass rinses differed as a result of rinse fluid for only nBPW (P<0.001, n<20). Statistical analysis indicated no significant difference in presumptive-positive Salmonella recoveries for chicken parts as a function of rinse fluid (PBS, BPW, nBPW) (P= 0.25, n=14).
Given the outcomes of experiments, the null hypothesis was rejected for carcasses, but for parts, the corresponding null hypothesis was not able to be rejected. While these data show there was neutralizing ability for nBPW for carcass rinse collections, it does not provide evidence that nBPW is more effective as an antimicrobial neutralizing rinse fluid versus PBS or BPW for chicken parts. Further research must be conducted to determine if a stronger neutralizing formulation is required for parts rinses. Research should also be expanded to other chicken edible parts that are sampled per USDA-FSIS regulations to determine if results are similar to those obtained in the present study
Post-coital intra-cerebral venous hemorrhage in a 78-year-old man with jugular valve incompetence: a case report
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Introduction</p> <p>Spontaneous intra-cerebral hemorrhage can occur in patients with venous disease due to obstructed venous outflow.</p> <p>Case presentation</p> <p>We report the case of a 78-year-old Caucasian man with jugular valve incompetence who experienced an intra-cerebral temporo-occipital hemorrhage following sexual intercourse. He had no other risk factors for an intra-cerebral hemorrhage.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>To the best of our knowledge, this is the first case of intra-cerebral hemorrhage due to jugular valve incompetence in association with the physical exertion associated with sexual intercourse.</p
Microemulsions of cinnamon and orange oils as an antimicrobial delivery system for Salmonella biofilms on stainless steel
Essential oils (EOs) are natural antimicrobials that can be used to develop intervention strategies to inhibit pathogens, but EOs are lipophilic. Colloidal systems, such as microemulsions, are needed for food industry applications. This dissertation focused on the development and characterization of a microemulsion composed of cinnamon oil (CO, Cinnamomum zeylanicum) and orange oil (OO, Citrus sinensis) to be used against Salmonella Enteritidis H4267 biofilms formed on stainless steel disc surfaces.
First, the antimicrobial activity of CO and OO against S. Enteritidis H4267, either used in combination or in a microemulsion system, was determined. CO had a greater antimicrobial effect on S. Enteritidis H4267 when used in combination with OO than when individually (p® 20, 1% and 5% CO-OO (9:1) were transparent, thermodynamically stable microemulsions that had bactericidal activity on S. Enteritidis H4267.
The second objective investigated the biofilm forming ability of S. Enteritidis H4267 and determined a method to remove biofilms on stainless steel disc surfaces. S. Enteritidis H4267 was determined to produce curli and cellulose indicative of biofilm development, and biofilms were formed on stainless steel disc surfaces. Sonication in 0.1% (w/v) peptone water for 30 sec effectively dislodged biofilms from disc surfaces without causing extensive cell death.
Biofilms were treated with microemulsions and emulsion controls for 5 minutes to determine the antimicrobial activity in the third objective. The 2% SL, 5% CO-OO (9:1) microemulsions displayed the greatest antimicrobial activity against biofilms.
This study demonstrated that OO enhances the bactericidal activity of CO when in an oil or microemulsion system, and co-encapsulated oils in microemulsions could be developed for antimicrobial delivery systems. Further research into developing microemulsions with positively charged droplets and with greater microemulsion exposure time should be investigated
Reconstructed human epidermis for assessment of percutaneous absorption in vitro a validation study
Titelblatt und Inhaltsverzeichnis
Einleitung
Material und Methoden
Ergebnisse
Diskussion
Zusammenfassung
LiteraturverzeichnisIn dieser Arbeit erfolgte die Charakterisierung der drei im Jahr 2002
kommerziell verfügbaren rekonstruierten humanen Epidermismodelle, SkinEthic®,
EpiDerm und EPISKIN®, für die Bestimmung der perkutanen Absorption in vitro.
Die Untersuchungen erfolgten im Rahmen einer vom BMBF geförderten
Validierungsstudie mit Partnern aus Universitäten, Industrie und der ZEBET.
Ziel des Projektes war die Etablierung einer standardisierten Testmethode für
die Bestimmung der perkutanen Absorption in vitro mittels RHE. Um eine
regulatorische Akzeptanz der Methode zu ermöglichen, galt es dem von der OECD
geforderten Nachweis einer Vergleichbarkeit der RHE zu den bisher empfohlenen
Referenzhäuten und -substanzen zu führen.
Bis auf einzelne Ausnahmen waren die RHE-Modelle permeabler als Human- und
Schweinehaut, die ein sehr ähnliches Permeationsprofil aufweisen. Das Ranking
der Permeation durch RHE stellte sich im Allgemeinen wie folgt dar: SkinEthic®
> EPISKIN® > EpiDerm . In Hinblick auf Reproduzierbarkeit der
Permeationsparameter waren die Unterschiede der Streuungen zwischen den
Testhäuten statistisch nicht signifikant, d. h. eine bessere
Reproduzierbarkeit der mit den RHE-Modellen erhaltenen Testparameter konnte
nicht gesichert werden, auch wenn sich eine Tendenz zur geringeren Streuung
zeigte. Unterschiede zwischen den Laboratorien waren auf Grund des
unbalanzierten Versuchsdesigns varianzanalytisch nicht erfassbar. Der Beitrag
der Intra- und Interlaborvariabilität zur Gesamtstreuung war im Allgemeinen
gleich groß. Der Vergleich der Permeationsdaten von Koffein und Testosteron
aus der Prävalidierung mit der Validierung zeigte, dass hohe biologische
Streuungen der eingesetzten Häute die Gewinnung reproduzierbarer Daten
erschwert. Daher sollte bei einer Routinetestung neuer Substanzen
Referenzsubstanzen mitgeführt werden. Dafür bieten sich die OECD-
Standardsubstanzen Koffein und Testosteron, nicht aber Benzoesäure an, dessen
Permeationsverhalten in den hier mittels HPLC Analytik vorgenommenen Versuchen
inhomogen war. Ein Vergleich der Testhäute untereinander zeigte, dass das
relative Ranking der Permeation über die drei untersuchten RHE-Modelle und
Schweinehaut die Permeation in der humanen Epidermis widerspiegelt. Somit ist
bei der Permeation aller untersuchten Häute/Modelle ein ausreichender
Zusammenhang gegeben.
Die in dieser Arbeit getesteten RHE-Modelle sind prinzipiell für die
Bestimmung der perkutanen Absorption in vitro als Alternative zu Human- und
Schweinehaut geeignet. Die Prüfung zukünftiger RHE-Modelle ist auf Grundlage
des entwickelten Protokolls möglich. Die Daten, die erhalten wurden, erlauben
zwar die Erstellung eines Prädiktionsmodells zur quantitativen Vorhersage der
perkutanen Absorption bisher noch nicht, doch sind die Voraussetzungen für die
Erstellung der benötigten Datenbasis geschaffen worden.Within this dissertation three RHE-models, SkinEthic®, EpiDerm und EPISKIN®,
commercially available in 2002, were characterised for the assessment of
percutaneous absorption in vitro. The studies have been conducted in the
context of a validation study funded by the German Ministry of Education and
Research (BMBF) with partners from academia, industry and the ZEBET. The aim
of the project was to establish a standardised test approach for assessment of
percutaneous absorption in vitro based on RHE. In order to make a regulatory
acceptance of the method by the OECD possible, the verification of the
comparability of RHE with the previously recommended reference skins and
substances was required.
Except for individual cases RHE-models exceed the permeability of human and
pig skin, whose permeation profile was quite similar. In general the
permeation through RHE is ranked as follows: SkinEthic® > EPISKIN® > EpiDerm .
In the face of the reproducibility of the data, differences in the variability
between the tested skins were not statistically significant, i. e. a better
reproducibility of the test parameters of the RHE has not been proven, despite
of a tendency towards lower variability of the data. Due to the unbalanced
study design, differences between the laboratories were not detectable based
on the analysis of the variance. In general the contribution of intra- and
interlaboratory variance to the overall variability was in the same range.
Comparing the permeation of caffeine and testosterone obtained in the
prevalidation with the validation study, high biologically variability of the
tested skins complicates the generation of reproducible data. Thus, routine
testing of new substances should be performed by testing standard substances
in parallel. For these purposes the OECD reference substances caffeine and
testosterone are appropriate, however not benzoic acid, whose permeation
behaviour in the investigations using HPLC-analytic was inhomogeneous.
Comparing the tested skins among themselves, the ranking of the permeation
through the three tested RHE-models and pig skin reflects the permeation
through human epidermis. Thus, in respect to permeation a sufficient
correlation between all tested skins/models is given.
In conclusion, the RHE-models investigated within this dissertation are
appropriate as an alternative to human and pig skin for the assessment of
percutaneous absorption in vitro in principle. Based on the developed test
protocol, testing of further RHE-models in the future will be possible. The
generated data are not sufficient for setting up a prediction model for
quantitative prediction of percutaneous absorption up to now; however, the
foundations for collecting of the required data base are laid
Districtus Walachorum : cercurile româneşti bănăţene
Timişoara : Analele Banatului, 1930. - 49 p. ; 8
Geomorfološki aspekt antropogenih utjecaja u gorskom području Južnih Karpata (Rumunjska)
This paper deals with some human geomorphological aspects concerning the impact in the alpine area of the Southern Carpathians (Transylvanian Alps). After fi eld investigations and taking into account the major effects of road building, military and mining activities, pasture and tourism activities in the geomorphological landscape we have the possibilities to present a distinct image of some relevant detailed situations. In our opinion the building of roads in the alpine area is by far the most dangerous way of intervention in the geomorphological landscape of the alpine area of the Southern Carpathians. The construction of these roads has altered the profi le of the slope and new scarps have appeared. This situation associated with the vibrations induced by the traffi c favours frost weathering, rock falling and rolling, coupled with the emergence of specifi c deposits and landforms (talus cones and scree) and, of course, with vertical and gully erosion, which is very typical of the area of soft rocks and soils.U članku se analiziraju geomorfološki aspekti antropogenog utjecaja u planinskom području Južnih Karpata (Transilvanske Alpe). Nakon terenskih istraživanja i razmatranja glavnih učinaka gradnje prometnica, vojnih i rudarskih djelatnosti, stočarstva i turizma u krajoliku, iscrpno su opisani konkretni slučajevi. Prema autorovu mišljenju, gradnja prometnica u planinskim područjima daleko je najopasnija intervencija za planinski geomorfološki krajolik Južnih Karpata. Ona je izmijenila profi l padina i stvorila nove strmce. Takvo stanje, povezano s vibracijama od prometa, mehaničkim trošenjem stijena, osipanjem i odronima na padinama, dovelo je do akumulacije specifi čnih taloga i nastanka reljefnih oblika te pojačane erozije tipične za područja mekog tla i stijena
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