The lexicographic preference for a son: evidence from household data in Vietnam

This paper examines son preferences by specifying sex composition by birth order of existing children as key independent variables. The results indicate a lexicographic preference for a son by mothers aged 50 years and older. Mothers without a son are also under substantial pressure to bear more children and shorten their birth spacing. However, once a family includes a son, parents do not consider sex composition over other decisions on family size and fertility timing. It would appear that the preference for a son is relatively stronger for some birth orders in the northern regions of Vietnam but slightly weaker in the Central Highlands and South Central Coast. In addition, while women are important in the Vietnamese labor force, the level of preference for sons does not differ across income at lower birth orders. We also obtain mixed results for son preferences if we include mothers less than 50 years of age in our analysis.Son preference, Sex composition, Birth order, Birth spacing

Optimizing the performance of a glass-ceramic storage phosphor as an imaging plate for medical use

Europium-doped-fluorochlorozirconate glass ceramics, known as ZBLAN, were produced in a glove box which has a controlled environment of argon gas. For imaging applications BaCl2 is used instead of BaF2. Their properties after different thermal processing and different amounts of europium-doping were investigated. After annealing the ZBLAN glass, BaCl2 nanoparticles are precipitated in the glass matrix. These glass ceramic storage phosphors are strong candidates for replacing traditional x-ray screen film system and commercial storage phosphors such as Agfa MD-30. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to determine the crystallization temperature of the hexagonal phase of BaCl2, and orthorhombic BaCl2 this in turn determines the subsequent annealing temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and photoluminescence (PL) show that the hexagonal phase of BaCl2 was formed upon annealing at temperatures between 250 °C and 280 °C for 5 minutes. The orthorhombic phase of BaCl2, which has storage properties, was formed at higher annealing temperatures, at approximately 290 °C and above. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) was used to determine adsorbed/diffused oxygen content of the glass. The weight loss of fluorine and chlorine is 3-5 % and was determined using ion chromatography (IC). The concentration of other cations was determined using inductively coupled plasma spectroscopy (ICP). Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used to take high resolution pictures and verify the composition of BaCl2 nanoparticles. The relative concentration of Eu2+ to Eu3+ of heated EuCl3 and ZBLAN was studied using Mössbauer spectroscopy. The oxidation of Eu2+ to Eu3+ was also observed during the experiment. This study has reinforced the strong potential for application of glass-ceramic storage phosphors for medical imaging

Home appliances and gender gap of time spent on unpaid housework : evidence using household data from Vietnam

We examined the gender gap between wives and husbands with regard to time spent on unpaid housework using interaction terms between the appearance of home appliances and gender among 36,480 Vietnamese households. We found the gender gap is persistent regardless of the number of co-residing children, age cohorts, household size and income, and working status of the couples. In household fixed-effect estimations, the gender gap of time increased with the appearance of home appliances such as gas cookers. One of the main reasons is the reduction in the probability of men participating in housework tasks related to home appliances

Novel strategies to design and construct efficient semiconductor-based photocatalyst for enhancing photocatalytic hydrogen evolution and nitrogen fixation under sunlight irradiation

L'énergie solaire est la source d'énergie la plus abondante au monde et elle peut être convertie en énergie chimique via des processus photocatalytiques. Au cours des dernières décennies, la photocatalyse sous la lumière du soleil est apparue comme une alternative innovante aux combustibles fossiles afin de résoudre et prévenir des problèmes graves liés à la crise environnementale et énergétique. Actuellement, les matériaux à base de semi-conducteurs (tels que TiO₂, C₃N₄, In₂O₃, WO₃) sont intensivement étudiés pour diverses applications photocatalytiques, y compris la réaction d’évolution d'hydrogène (HER) et la réduction de l'azote en ammoniac (NRR). Par conséquent, diverses approches telles que l'ingénierie structurelle, les hétérojonctions nanocomposites ont été étudiées afin de surmonter les problèmes de ces matériaux et ainsi augmenter l'activité catalytique. Dans le cadre de cette thèse, nous avons développé des nouvelles stratégies pour la synthèse des quatre types de photocatalyseurs efficaces pour la production d'hydrogène et la fixation de l'azote sous la lumière du soleil. Nos matériaux présentent une structure unique, qui favorise l'absorption de la lumière visible, la séparation des charges électrons-trous et l’augmentation du nombre de sites actifs.Pour l'application de la génération d'hydrogène photocatalytique, nous avons d'abord synthétisé les sphères de type éponge CdI₂nS₄ monophasées via une méthode solvothermique suivie d'un traitement au gaz contenant H₂S. La formation du complexe Cd/In avec une distribution uniforme de Cd²⁺ et In³⁺ a joué un rôle crucial dans la formation du spinelle monophasé CdIn₂S₄. L'énergie de la bande interdite s'est avérée être significativement réduite, ce qui permet une absorption étendue de la lumière visible jusqu'à 700 nm, ceci est principalement attribué à la dispersion d'espèce sulfure sur la bande de valence du CdIn₂S₄ monophasé. Avec le dépôt de Ni métallique comme cocatalyseur de réduction, le photocatalyseur hybride Ni-CdIn₂S₄ a montré une efficacité améliorée pour la production d'hydrogène sous la lumière solaire, ce qui représente une augmentation de l’activité d’environ, respectivement, 5,5 et 3,6 fois que celle des échantillons Pt-CdIn₂S₄ et Pd-CdIn₂S₄. Le deuxième système photocatalytique développé implique la préparation de nitrure de carbone graphitique dopé au S (Ni-SCN). Ce dernier est chimiquement ancré au nickel par une technique connue sous le nom de processus de photo-dépôt assisté par sulfuration. L'origine de la structure distinctive du Ni-SCN est dû à l'existence de liaisons chimiques NiS-C-N dans le système, ce qui favorisait la séparation des charges photogénérées et améliorait la capacité d’absorption lumineuse du photocatalyseur. Par conséquent, l’échantillon NiSCN synthétisé présente une excellente activité photocatalytique pour la production d'hydrogène sous la lumière du soleil. En effet, ce système présente une activité beaucoup plus élevée que celle des systèmes g-C₃N₄ dopés au S, Ni supporté g-C₃N₄ et Pt supporté g-C₃N₄ dopés au S. Pour une application photo (électro) catalytique de fixation de l'azote, nos travaux sont les premiers à rapporter la synthèse de nanoparticules d'Au chargées de nanoparticules W₁₈O₄₉ dopées au Fe (notées WOF-Au) par une synthèse solvothermique suivie d'un dépôt in situ des nanoparticules d'Au. L'incorporation de dopants Fe peut non seulement guérir les états de défaut de masse dans les réseaux non stœchiométriques W₁₈O₄₉, mais également favoriser la séparation et la migration interfaciale des électrons du photocatalyseur vers les molécules N₂ chimisorbées; tandis que les nanoparticules Au décorées sur la surface dopée au Fe W₁₈O₄₉ ont fourni les électrons à haute énergie pour la réduction de N₂ via l'effet de résonance plasmonique de surface localisé (LSPR). Le système WOF-Au plasmonique résultant montre un rendement amélioré pour la production de NH₃, beaucoup plus élevé que celui du W₁₈O₄₉ pur ainsi qu'une très grande stabilité. L'amélioration des performances photoélectrocatalytiques est principalement due à l'effet synergique des dopants Fe et des nanoparticules Au dans l'hôte W₁₈O₄₉. Enfin, les cacahuètes creuses de In₂O₃ dopées au Ru (dénotées Ru-In₂O₃ HPN) ont été fabriquées par la nouvelle stratégie d'auto-matrice suivie de la calcination des précurseurs synthétisés. Les nanoparticules uniformes In₂O₃ sont étroitement agglomérées ensemble pour former une structure de cacahuète creuse, ce qui facilite la séparation et le transport des l'électrons-trous photoexcités, améliorant l’absorption de la lumière par multi-réflexion. De plus, l'introduction des dopants Ru induit de nombreuses lacunes en oxygène à la surface et réduit l'énergie de la bande interdite du système photocatalytique. Ces lacunes d'oxygène agissent comme des centres de piégeage, facilitant la séparation des électrons trous photoexcités. Par conséquent, le taux de production d'ammoniac des Ru-In₂O₃ HPNs est 5,6 fois plus élevé que celui des In₂O₃ HPNs purs et largement supérieur au matériau en vrac d'In₂O₃, lorsqu’il est soumis à l’irradiation solaire.Solar energy is the most abundant energy source in the world, and it can be converted into chemical energy via photocatalytic processes. Over the last decades, sunlight-driven photocatalysis has emerged as an innovative alternative to fossil fuels for solving the severe problems related to environmental diseases and the energy crisis. Currently, semiconductorbased materials (such as TiO₂, C₃N₄, In₂O₃, WO₃, BiVO₄) have been intensively studied for diverse photocatalytic applications, including the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the nitrogen reduction reaction (NRR) to produce ammonia. However, the drawbacks of weak visible light absorption, low electron-hole separation with high recombination rate, and lack of surface active-sites have limited the photocatalytic performance of these semiconductorbased photocatalysts. Therefore, various approaches such as structural engineering, nanocomposite heterojunctions have been applied to overcome the limitations of these materials and boosting the catalytic activity. In this thesis, we employed novel strategies to develop four efficient photocatalytic systems for hydrogen production and nitrogen fixation. Our materials possessed a unique structure, which is advantageous to promote the visiblelight absorption, facilitate the separation of charge carrier, and increase the number of surface-active sites. For the photocatalytic hydrogen evolution application, we firstly synthesized the singlephase CdIn₂S₄ sponge-like spheres via solvothermal method followed by H₂S gas treatment. The formation of CdIn-complex with uniform distribution of Cd²⁺ and In³⁺ played a crucial role in achieving the spinel structured-single phase CdIn₂S₄. The bandgap energy was found to be significantly reduced, resulting in the extended visible light absorption up to 700 nm, which was primarily attributed to the sulfide species-mediated modification of the valence band in CdIn₂S₄ single-phase. With the deposition of Ni metal as a reduction cocatalyst, the hybrid Ni-CdIn₂S₄ photocatalyst showed enhanced solar light-driven photocatalytic hydrogen evolution efficiency, which is around 5.5 and 3.6 folds higher than that of Pt-CdIn₂S₄ and Pd-CdIn₂S₄ samples, respectively. The second developed photocatalytic system involved the preparation of chemically bonded nickel anchored S-doped graphitic-carbon nitride (Ni-SCN) through a technique known as sulfidation assisted photo-deposition process. The origin of the distinctive structure of Ni-SCN was due to the existence of Ni-S-C-N chemical bonds in the system, which fundamentally favored the separation of photogenerated electron-hole and improved the light-harvesting capabilities of the photocatalyst. Consequently, the synthesized Ni-SCN exhibited an excellent sunlight-driven photocatalytic activity toward hydrogen evolution, which was several times higher than Sdoped g-C₃N₄, Ni supported g-C₃N₄ and Pt loaded S-doped C₃N₄ systems. For photo(electro)catalytic nitrogen fixation application, our work is the first to report the synthesis of Au nanoparticles loaded Fe doped W₁₈O₄₉ (denoted as WOF-Au) nanorods through a solvothermal synthesis following by in situ deposition of Au nanoparticles. The incorporation of Fe dopants can not only heal the bulk-defect-states in nonstoichiometric W₁₈O₄₉ lattices but also promote the separation and interfacial migration of electrons from photocatalyst to chemisorbed N₂ molecules; while Au nanoparticles decorated on the Fe doped W₁₈O₄₉ surface provided the high energetic electrons for N₂ reduction via the localized surface plasmon resonance effect (LSPR). The obtained plasmonic WOF-Au system shows an enhanced NH₃ yield, which is much higher than that of the bare W₁₈O₄₉, as well as very high stability. The enhancement in photoelectrocatalytic performance is mainly contributed by the synergetic effect of Fe dopants and plasmonic Au nanoparticles on the W₁₈O₄₉ host. Lastly, Ru doped In₂O₃ hollow peanuts (demoted as Ru-In₂O₃ HPNs) were fabricated by the novel self-template strategy followed by the calcination of the as-synthesis precursors. The uniform In₂O₃ nanoparticles were closely packed together to form a hollow peanut structure, which facilitated the separation and transportation of photoinduced electron-hole and favored the light-harvesting ability by the internal multi-reflection process. Furthermore, the introduction of Ru dopants induced numerous surface oxygen vacancies and narrow down the bandgap energy of the photocatalytic system. These oxygen vacancies act as trapping centers, facilitating the separation of photoexcited electrons and holes. Consequently, the ammonia production rate of Ru-In₂O₃ HPNs was 5.6 times and much higher as compared to pure In₂O₃ HPNs and bulk material of In₂O₃ under solar light irradiation

Modelling the effect of individual differences in punishment sensitivity on behaviour in a public goods game

Previous research on social dilemmas demonstrated that various forms of punishment for free-riding can increase contribution levels in public goods games. The way individual group members react to the possibility of punishment can be also affected by individual differences in punishment sensitivity. Therefore, depending individual differences in punishment sensitivity of group members, different levels of punishment can be more or less effective to prevent free riding behaviour. This paper uses agent-based modelling to model the effect of punishment sensitivity on contribution levels in a public goods game. The paper then examines the correlation between punishment sensitivity and variability of free riding behaviour under different punishment conditions

Persistent legacy of the 1075–1919 Vietnamese imperial examinations in contemporary quantity and quality of education

We investigated the impact of individuals who passed the Vietnamese imperial examinations (1075–1919) on the present-day quantity and quality of education in their home districts. We layered the 2009 Population and Housing Census and the 2009 National Entrance Exams to University (NEEU) test scores on the geographical distribution of imperial test takers’ home districts. We constructed a novel instrumental variable representing the average distance between the examinees’ home districts and the corresponding imperial examination venues. We found a persistent legacy in the average years of schooling, literacy rate, school attendance rate, NEEU test scores, and primary school dropout rate