THERMAL STABILITY CHANGE OF SYNTHETIC ESTER-BASED TRANSFORMER OIL

For good transformer condition assessment it is necessary to determine the condition of insulating materials, both liquid and solid. Transformer is reliable for as long as its insulation system resists deterioration. Therefore, thermal and oxidation stability are important characteristics of transformer oil. It is a measure of oil resistance for decomposition by the influence of oxygen and temperature. Oils with good thermal and oxidation stability retain their characteristics regardless the thermal stress. Because of environmental and safety issues, the use of synthetic ester-based transformer oils is increasing. Although they have been in use in smaller transformers (distributive, traction, …) for decades, limit values for chemical and physical characteristics are still discussed. New methods for thermal stability evaluation can be useful for insulation condition assessment

The Pannonian Palaeoecology and Biostratigraphy of Molluscs from Kostanjek - Medvednica Mt., Croatia

On the south-western slope of Medvednica Mt., an 83 m thick geological column Kostanjek-1, composed of strata representing the Sarmatian and Pannonian stages, was investigated in detail. Facies analysis allowed separation of five lithofacies units (A, AB, B, C and D) and the sedimentary mechanisms for particular successions were defined. A rich community of fossil molluscs (50 species) and ostracods (42 species) was sampled and determined. From these fossil determinations, the sediment age was defined, and biofacies analysis allowed the determination of three basic palaeobiocenosis types: 1) a community from Sarmatian brackish lagoons, 2) a community from an Early Pannonian littoral lake, and 3) a lake basin community in the Late Pannonian. The main “record” of the salinity crisis (drop) at the Sarmatian-Pannonian boundary influences in a selective way the majority of organisms, and is shown best in the evolutionary form changes of cardid bivalves, for which phylogenetic series were made. On the basis of dominant and characteristic forms in the entire association of Pannonian molluscs five biozones were separated: I) Lymnocardium praeponticum acrozone, II) Radix croatica - Lymnocardium plicataeformis - Gyraulus praeponticus cenozone, III) Neodelminiella venusta - Lymnocardium cekusi cenozone, IV) Congeria banatica - Lymnocardium gorjanovici - Gyraulus tenuistriatus cenozone and V) Congeria czjzeki - Lymnocardium winkleri - Gyraulus tenuistriatus cenozone. Many ostracod forms supply and test the stratigraphic value of molluscs and support zonality of Pannonian layers

SOME EXAMPLES OF CROATIAN DIALECTS’ INFLUENCE ON THE LEXICAL DIVERSITY OF THE CONTEMPORARY LINGUISTIC IDIOM OF ZADAR AMONG NON-NATIVE ELDERLY SPEAKERS

The synchronic linguistic situation of the urban idiom in the city of Zadar is a result of several strands of dialectal influence: Neo-Shtokavian dialect spoken in the hinterland, Chakavian ikavian (“ikavski”) idiom spoken in the coastal region of Croatia, Central Chakavian ikavian-ekavian (“ikavski-ekavski”) dialect and standard Croatian. Lisac established that the contemporary Zadar idiom consists of a mixture of two Croatian dialects, Chakavian and Shtokavian, each in turn further subdivided into Central Chakavian and South Chakavian, Bosnian-Herzegovinian and East Herzegovinian, respectively. Due to varied historical circumstances, within these dialects we find a number of loanwords, mostly Turkish in Shtokavian and Romance borrowings in the Chakavian dialect. To this end the paper uses linguistic contact theory, applied in research on dialects, and explores influence in one direction only: it explores the presence of Turkish loanwords in Croatian idiom of Zadar (in its Shtokavian dialectal component) and Romance loanwords in the Zadar idiom (in its Chakavian component) but not the influence of Croatian on either Turkish or Romance languages. Hence the recipient language is Croatian (here specifically its Zadar idiom) while the donor languages are Turkish and Romance languages, mainly Venetian Italian but also standard Italian, and in some cases we are dealing with linguistic relics of Romance Dalmatian language in Croatian. We have selected to analyse Turkish loanwords in the Shtokavian dialect and Romance loanwords in the Chakavian dialect (within the Zadar idiom) because they are the most frequent foreign borrowings in the Zadar idiom, especially Romance elements that pervade the varieties of Croatian spoken in the coastal region (they often remain on a regional level only but some have passed from Chakavian into Croatian standard)

Genetic specificity of mineral nurition apple cultivars in orchard Borinci

Višegodišnjim istraživanjima biljno-hranidbenog kapaciteta tla metodom folijarne dijagnoze u plantaži jabuka Borinci na antropogenom eutričnom smeđem tlu na karbonatnom lesu u semiaridnom području istočne Slavonije utvrđene su genetske, odnosno sortne specifičnosti, mineralne ishrane. Istraživanja su obavljena u plantaži Borinci kraj Vinkovaca na 5 do 11 godina starim stablima sorata: Golden Delicious, Gloster, Melrous, Idared, Red Boskoop, Jonagold i Jonathan, cijepljenim na podlozi M9. Jabuke su dostatno opskrbljene dušikom i kalijem, a optimalno fosforom,kalcijem i magnezijem. Veće variranje utvrđeno je u koncentraciji dušika i kalija. Genetske, odnosno sortne specifičnosti odrazile su utjecaj na koncentraciju dušika, kalija i kalcija, dok je razina fosfora i magnezija uglavnom podjednaka u lišću svih istraživanih sorti. Najveću koncentraciju dušika sadrži lišće sorte Gloster, a najmanju sorte Golden Deliciou. Signifikantna je razlika između ove dvije sorte i u njihovu odnosu na ostale sorte. Podjednaku koncentraciju dušika sadrži lišće skupine sorti Melrous, Jonagold i Jonathan, kao i u skupine sorti Idared i Melrous. Utvrđena je signifikantna razlika između dvije skupine sorti. Veću koncentraciju kalija ima lišće sorte Melrous od ostalih sorti. Razlika je signifikantna. Manju koncentraciju kalija sadrži lišće sorti Gloster, Idared i Jonathan od sorti Golden Delicious i Jonagold. Razlika je statistički opravdana. Signifikantno nižu koncentraciju kalcija sadrži lišće sorte Melrous od ostalih soreti. Signifikantno veću koncentraciju kalcija sadrži lišće sorata Golden Delicious, Gloster, i Idared od sorata Jonagold i Jonathan.Investigations of the plant feeding capacity of the soil using foliar diagnosis method on apple plantation on antropogenous brown soil on calcareous loess were carried out over the period of six years in the eastern Croatia for determination of genetic, i.e. cultivar features of mineral nutrition. The investigations were carried out on the plantation of the Borinci near Vinkovci on 5 to 11 year old trees in the cultivars: Golden Delicious, Gloster, Melrous, Idared, Red Boskoop, Jonagold and Jonathan grafted on rootstock M9. Apples are sufficiently supplied with nitrogen and potassium, and optimal supply of phosphorus, calcium and magnesium. Greater variations were determined in concentrations of nitrogen and potassium. Genetic and variety specificity has reflected its influence to concentration of nitrogen, potassium and calcium while levels of phosphorus and magnesium are rather equal in leafs of investigated cultivars. The level of nitrogen was the highest in the leaves of cv. Gloster and the lowest in cv. Golden Delicious. There is a significant difference between these two cultivars and in their relation to other cultivars. Equal concentrations of nitrogen are determined in leafs of cultivars Melrous, Jonagold and Jonathan, as well as in cultivars Idared and Melrous. Significant difference is determined between two groups of cultivars. The concentration of potassium was higher in leafs of cultivar Melrous than in leafs of other cultivars. The difference is significant. The concentration of potassium was lower in leafs of cultivars Gloster, Idared and Jonathan than in leafs of cultivars Golden Delicious and Jonagold. The difference is statistically justified. Significantly lower concentration of potassium was found in leafs of cultivars Gloster, Idared and Jonathan than in cultivars Golden Delicious and Jinagold. The difference is statistically justified. Leafs of cultivar Melrous have significantly lower concentration of calcium than other cultivars. Significantly higher concentration of calcium was found in leafs of cultivars Golden Delicious, Gloster and Idared than in cultivars Jonagold and Jonathan

Natural and Cultural Heritage as a Paradigm for Agrotourism Development in Krapina-Zagorje County

In this paper, we analyzed the connection between the natural and cultural heritage and agrotourism, respectively the natural and cultural heritage as a paradigm for development of agrotourism in the Krapina-Zagorje County. Through the questionnaire related to the agrotourism offer, agrotourism households, Agency for Rural Development and the County tourist boards, we evaluated the extent to which the natural and cultural heritage in agrotourism is valorized. The results are not satisfying with respect to the valorization of neither natural nor cultural heritage, but with a little good will, support and education, they can be easily improved. Through SWOT analysis we have also detected and synthesized strengths, weaknesses, benefits and limitations of agrotourism in this County. Since the Krapina-Zagorje County has a rich natural and cultural heritage, it should be incorporated into the tourist offer and it is necessary to create a unique agrotouristic product that will find its agrotouristic niche among local (excursion site for Zagreb residents) and foreign tourists

New Congerian Species and Their Similarity with Congeria banatica from the Pannonian Sediments in Northern Croatia

Congeria baschi n.sp. and Congeria susedana n.sp. are two new species from the Pannonian sediments of the Medvednica Mts. (NW Croatia). C. baschi n.sp. was found in the Lower Pannonian limestones, and C. susedana n.sp. was collected from the Upper Pannonian marls. Relationships with the affiliated taxa enable reconstruction of a phyletic lineage beginning with Congeria soceni JEKELIUS, through C. baschi n.sp. to Congeria banatica HÖRNES. C. banatica is the ancestor of two branches, leading to C. susedana n.sp. and C. vugroveci SREMAC, respectively. Dreissenomya digitifera (ANDRUSOV) is the probable descendant of C. vugroveci. The accompanying assemblages of fossil molluscs and ostracods from the same horizons facilitate the precise stratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental positioning of the new taxa

New Congerian Species and Their Similarity with Congeria banatica from the Pannonian Sediments in Northern Croatia

Congeria baschi n.sp. and Congeria susedana n.sp. are two new species from the Pannonian sediments of the Medvednica Mts. (NW Croatia). C. baschi n.sp. was found in the Lower Pannonian limestones, and C. susedana n.sp. was collected from the Upper Pannonian marls. Relationships with the affiliated taxa enable reconstruction of a phyletic lineage beginning with Congeria soceni JEKELIUS, through C. baschi n.sp. to Congeria banatica HÖRNES. C. banatica is the ancestor of two branches, leading to C. susedana n.sp. and C. vugroveci SREMAC, respectively. Dreissenomya digitifera (ANDRUSOV) is the probable descendant of C. vugroveci. The accompanying assemblages of fossil molluscs and ostracods from the same horizons facilitate the precise stratigraphic and palaeoenvironmental positioning of the new taxa

Stratigraphy and Palaeogeography of Miocene Deposits from the Marginal Area of Zumberak Mt. and the Samoborsko Gorje Mts. (Northwestern Croatia)

Miocene sediments rimming the Palaeozoic–Mesozoic–Palaeogene rocks, form Zumberak Mt. and the Samoborsko Gorje Mts. Spatial analysis of the setting and development of the surface Miocene stratigraphy, at the marginal areas of the Zumberak and Samoborsko Gorje Mts., allows four palaeogeographic areas to be distinguished: Zumberak, Plesivica–Sveta Jana, Samobor–Sveta Nedelja and Grdanjci. In the Miocene deposits (totaling 350 m), within the area of Zumberak, coarse-grained clastics from deltaic deposits of Pannonian age prevail. Here only, 50 m of sediments of Pliocene–Pleistocene age overlie the Miocene deposits whereas Mesozoic carbonates represent the basement. The Plesivica–Sveta Jana area is characterized by a 600 m sequence of Miocene deposits, mainly overlying Triassic dolomites, where finely-grained layers of marls and silts prevail. In this area, Miocene successions from the Badenian to the Pontian are characterized by a continuity of sedimentation with an inherited depositional environment. In the area of Samobor–Sveta Nedelja, the basement is diverse: Triassic dolomites, volcanogenic–sedimentary complex of Cretaceous age and a clastic–carbonate complex of Palaeogene age. The Miocene succession shows a regressive trend from the Badenian to the Pontian and the total thickness is estimated at 400 m. The area of Grdanjci differs considerably from the other Miocene palaeorelief. An approximately 50 m-thick series of coarse-grained clastics with coal is distinguished, of unclear stratigraphic age (Ottnangian?). Miocene sediments of the Grdanjci area are represented by both a transgressive type of conglomerates and shallow water limestones of Badenian age, with a total thickness of about 100 m. The development of the Miocene stratigraphy of the Zumberak and Samoborsko Gorje Mts. is generally correlative with that in the other parts of the Pannonian area, though it does exhibit local variations. Comparison of the Miocene palaeorelief of Zumberak Mt. with the Samoborsko Gorje Mts., together with neighbouring areas, enabled wider correlation with other parts of northern Croatia, and the more distant Western and Central Paratethys