ELBOW DYSPLASIA IN DOG /ED/

Lakatna je displazija pojam koji označava jednu ili više razvojnih anomalija u pasa u dobi do godinu dana. U radu su prvenstveno opisani i rendgenološki prikazani znakovi nesklada zgobnih ploha, nesraštenoga ankonealnog izdanka, fragmentiranoga koronoidnog izdanka i osteohondroze kondila humerusa. Navedeni su i načini procjene anomalije prema međunarodnim standardima.Elbow dysplasia is a term that includes one or more developmental abnormalities in dogs aged up to one year. The paper defi nes and describes radiological signs of distractio cubiti, ununited anconeal proces, fragmented medial coronoid proces and osteochondrosis of the medial condyle of the humerus. The assessment of anomalies according to international standards is described as well

Radiographic diagnosis of intervertebral disc protrusion in the dog

Protruzija intervertebralnog diska pojavljuje se u gotovo svih pasmina pasa. Klinički se očituje bolom, gubitkom koordinacije, ukočenošću vrata, odbijanjem hrane, parezom i paralizom ekstremiteta. Pojavljuje se u dva morfološki odvojena oblika: jedan nalazimo u mlađih, hondrodistrofičnih pasmina pasa (Hansen tipa I), a drugi u svih ostalih (Hansen tipa II). Protruzija diska rendgenološki se dijagnosticira nativnom pretragom i mijelografijom. Od ostalih pretraga koje se mogu primijeniti na raspolaganju nam stoje diskografija, epidurografija, kompjutorizirana tomografija (CT) i magnetna rezonancija (MR). U trogodišnjem razdoblju (2009. – 2012.) istraživana je učestalost i mjesto protruzije diska u različitih pasmina pasa. U istraživanom uzorku bilo je obuhvaćeno 275 pasa različitih pasmina. Križani psi prikazani su u analizi odvojeno. Općenito gledajući, protruzija diska dijagnosticirana je u hondrodistrofičnih pasmina pasa u 66%, a u nehondrodistrofičnih u 12% slučajeva. Na križane se pse odnosi 22% slučajeva. Pasmine u kojih je najveća pojavnost protruzije jesu pudl, pekinezer i koker španijel. Najučestalije mjesto protruzije bio je intervertebralni prostor između 12. i 13. prsnog kralješka (23%), zatim prostor između 13. prsnog i prvoga slabinskog kralješka (18%), petoga i šestog slabinskog kralješka (14%), prvoga i drugog (11%) te četvrtoga i petog slabinskog kralješka (11%). Mjesto protruzije između 11. i 12. prsnog kralješka bilo je dijagnosticirano u 6% slučajeva, a između 3. i 4. te 4. i 5. slabinskog kralješka u 5% slučajeva. Protruzije diska na svim ostalim intervertebralnim prostorima bile su dijagnosticirane u 7% slučajeva.Intervertebral disc protrusion occurs in almost all breeds of dogs. Clinical signs include pain, loss of coordination, neck stiffness, lack of apetite , paresis and/or paralyses of extremities. It appears in two separate morphological forms, as Hansen type I disc protrusion in predominantly chondrodystrophic breeds an as Hansen type II in all other. Radiological diagnostic methods include plain radiography and myelography. Other methods available are discography, epidurography, computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonace imaging (MRI). Our study reviewed the results of plain and myelography diagnosed disc protrusion in the three year period (2009-2012). During that period, 275 dogs of different breeds were included in the study, as well as mongrel dogs which are displayed as a separate group in results. In overall, chondrodystrophic breeds were present with 66% of all cases examined, non chondrodystrophic breeds in 12% and crossbred group 22% of all cases. The breeds with most occurence of disc protrusion were Poodle, Pekingese dog and Cocker Spaniel. Intervertebral disc protrusion most often occured between T12 and T13 vertebral bodies (23%), followed by T13 and L1 (18%), L5 and L6 (14%), L1 and L2 (11%), L4 and L5 (6%), T11 and T12 (6%) and between L3 and L4 (5%). All other herniations were diagnosed in 7% of cases

An injectable bone marrow-like scaffold enhances T cell immunity after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation.

Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) is a curative treatment for multiple disorders, but deficiency and dysregulation of T cells limit its utility. Here we report a biomaterial-based scaffold that mimics features of T cell lymphopoiesis in the bone marrow. The bone marrow cryogel (BMC) releases bone morphogenetic protein-2 to recruit stromal cells and presents the Notch ligand Delta-like ligand-4 to facilitate T cell lineage specification of mouse and human hematopoietic progenitor cells. BMCs subcutaneously injected in mice at the time of HSCT enhanced T cell progenitor seeding of the thymus, T cell neogenesis and diversification of the T cell receptor repertoire. Peripheral T cell reconstitution increased ~6-fold in mouse HSCT and ~2-fold in human xenogeneic HSCT. Furthermore, BMCs promoted donor CD4+ regulatory T cell generation and improved survival after allogeneic HSCT. In comparison to adoptive transfer of T cell progenitors, BMCs increased donor chimerism, T cell generation and antigen-specific T cell responses to vaccination. BMCs may provide an off-the-shelf approach for enhancing T cell regeneration and mitigating graft-versus-host disease in HSCT

Hip dysplasia classification and its incidence in dogs

U svijetu postoje tri glavna načina klasifi kacije kriterija za procjenu displazije kukova, a to su: FCI (Federation Cynologique Internationale), OFA (Orthopedic Foundation for Animals) i BVA/KC (British Veterinary Association / The Kennel Club). U radu su opisana sva tri načina klasifikacije. Prikazana je učestalost displazije u pojedinih pasmina pasa po stupnjevima u razdoblju od dvije godine.Around the world there are 3 scoring modes that are used: The FCI mode (Federation Cynologique Internationale), the OFA mode (Orthopedic Foundation for Animals) and BVA/KC mode (British Veterinary Association/ The Kenel Club). The paper describes three ways to classify hip dysplasia. The incidence of hip dysplasia is shown in certain breeds of dogs by its degree during the period of two years

Electron Tomography of HIV-1 Infection in Gut-Associated Lymphoid Tissue

Critical aspects of HIV-1 infection occur in mucosal tissues, particularly in the gut, which contains large numbers of HIV-1 target cells that are depleted early in infection. We used electron tomography (ET) to image HIV-1 in gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT) of HIV-1–infected humanized mice, the first three-dimensional ultrastructural examination of HIV-1 infection in vivo. Human immune cells were successfully engrafted in the mice, and following infection with HIV-1, human T cells were reduced in GALT. Virions were found by ET at all stages of egress, including budding immature virions and free mature and immature viruses. Immuno-electron microscopy verified the virions were HIV-1 and showed CD4 sequestration in the endoplasmic reticulum of infected cells. Observation of HIV-1 in infected GALT tissue revealed that most HIV-1–infected cells, identified by immunolabeling and/or the presence of budding virions, were localized to intestinal crypts with pools of free virions concentrated in spaces between cells. Fewer infected cells were found in mucosal regions and the lamina propria. The preservation quality of reconstructed tissue volumes allowed details of budding virions, including structures interpreted as host-encoded scission machinery, to be resolved. Although HIV-1 virions released from infected cultured cells have been described as exclusively mature, we found pools of both immature and mature free virions within infected tissue. The pools could be classified as containing either mostly mature or mostly immature particles, and analyses of their proximities to the cell of origin supported a model of semi-synchronous waves of virion release. In addition to HIV-1 transmission by pools of free virus, we found evidence of transmission via virological synapses. Three-dimensional EM imaging of an active infection within tissue revealed important differences between cultured cell and tissue infection models and furthered the ultrastructural understanding of HIV-1 transmission within lymphoid tissue

HIV-infected T cells are migratory vehicles for viral dissemination

After host entry through mucosal surfaces, HIV-1 disseminates to lymphoid tissues to establish a generalized infection of the immune system. The mechanisms by which this virus spreads among permissive target cells locally during early stages of transmission, and systemically during subsequent dissemination are not known1. In vitro studies suggest that formation of virological synapses (VSs) during stable contacts between infected and uninfected T cells greatly increases the efficiency of viral transfer2. It is unclear, however, if T cell contacts are sufficiently stable in vivo to allow for functional synapse formation under the conditions of perpetual cell motility in epithelial3 and lymphoid tissues4. Here, using multiphoton intravital microscopy (MP-IVM), we examined the dynamic behavior of HIV-infected T cells in lymph nodes (LNs) of humanized mice. We found that most productively infected T cells migrated robustly, resulting in their even distribution throughout the LN cortex. A subset of infected cells formed multinucleated syncytia through HIV envelope (Env)-dependent cell fusion. Both uncoordinated motility of syncytia as well as adhesion to CD4+ LN cells led to the formation of long membrane tethers, increasing cell lengths to up to 10 times that of migrating uninfected T cells. Blocking the egress of migratory T cells from LNs into efferent lymph, and thus interrupting T cell recirculation, limited HIV dissemination and strongly reduced plasma viremia. Thus, we have found that HIV-infected T cells are motile, form syncytia, and establish tethering interactions that may facilitate cell-to-cell transmission through VSs. While their migration in LNs spreads infection locally, T cell recirculation through tissues is important for efficient systemic viral spread, suggesting new molecular targets to antagonize HIV infection

Genome-wide identification of microRNAs regulating cholesterol and triglyceride homeostasis

Genome-wide association studies (GWASs) have linked genes to various pathological traits. However, the potential contribution of regulatory noncoding RNAs, such as microRNAs (miRNAs), to a genetic predisposition to pathological conditions has remained unclear. We leveraged GWAS meta-analysis data from >188,000 individuals to identify 69 miRNAs in physical proximity to single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with abnormal levels of circulating lipids. Several of these miRNAs (miR-128-1, miR-148a, miR-130b, and miR-301b) control the expression of key proteins involved in cholesterol-lipoprotein trafficking, such as the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) receptor (LDLR) and the ATP-binding cassette A1 (ABCA1) cholesterol transporter. Consistent with human liver expression data and genetic links to abnormal blood lipid levels, overexpression and antisense targeting of miR-128-1 or miR-148a in high-fat diet–fed C57BL/6J and Apoe-null mice resulted in altered hepatic expression of proteins involved in lipid trafficking and metabolism, and in modulated levels of circulating lipoprotein-cholesterol and triglycerides. Taken together, these findings support the notion that altered expression of miRNAs may contribute to abnormal blood lipid levels, predisposing individuals to human cardiometabolic disorders.Organismic and Evolutionary Biolog

ELBOW DYSPLASIA IN DOG /ED/

Lakatna je displazija pojam koji označava jednu ili više razvojnih anomalija u pasa u dobi do godinu dana. U radu su prvenstveno opisani i rendgenološki prikazani znakovi nesklada zgobnih ploha, nesraštenoga ankonealnog izdanka, fragmentiranoga koronoidnog izdanka i osteohondroze kondila humerusa. Navedeni su i načini procjene anomalije prema međunarodnim standardima.Elbow dysplasia is a term that includes one or more developmental abnormalities in dogs aged up to one year. The paper defi nes and describes radiological signs of distractio cubiti, ununited anconeal proces, fragmented medial coronoid proces and osteochondrosis of the medial condyle of the humerus. The assessment of anomalies according to international standards is described as well