Assignation et discrimination racistes : enquêtes dans le monde du travail en France

Cet article présente une synthèse de résultats de recherches sociologiques menées sur le racisme dans les entreprises et les organisations syndicales depuis quinze ans. En France, la question des discriminations dites « raciales » comme problème social et la mise en place d’un dispositif public destiné à les réprimer est relativement récente. Cependant, il y existe toujours, bien qu’il y soit généralement dénié ou ignoré, un racisme systémique, notable dans différents domaines, qui désavantage tendanciellement immigrants et descendants d’immigrants en matière d’emploi, de salaire, etc. Au sein des entreprises, les stéréotypes dévalorisants permettant de faire porter à ces derniers la responsabilité de leur situation s’ajoutent aux divers moyens d’intimidation et de réduction au silence des travailleurs minoritaires. Les organisations syndicales dénoncent le racisme patronal, mais éprouvent beaucoup de difficulté à traiter directement du racisme et des discriminations, et ce, pour diverses raisons. Si des luttes contre les traitements discriminatoires ont pu être menées, parfois avec succès, elles ont généralement été non relayées au niveau syndical national.This article presents the synthesis of results of sociological research carried out over fifteen years on racism in private enterprises and labour unions. In France, it is only recently that the question of “racial” discriminations has appeared as a social problem, and an institution set up to eradicate it. However, systemic racism exists, whereby direct and indirect discrimination accumulates in various domains, such as education and training, residential segregation, citizenship, etc., though it is generally denied or ignored. Immigrants and descendants of immigrants thus tend to be disadvantaged as regards employment and wages. In companies, demeaning stereotypes make the victims responsible for their situation, and add to various means of intimidation oriented at reducing minority workers to silence. Labour unions denounce employers’ racism, but, for various reasons, meet with a lot of difficulties dealing directly with racism and discrimination. While struggles against discriminatory treatment are waged here or there, sometimes successfully, but they are generally not taken over at the national level

julie thermes - Essor et déclin de l'affirmative action. Les étudiants noirs à Harvard, Yale et Princeton

Julie Thermes entreprend de nous décrire, de façon très détaillée, la genèse, l’âge d’or, puis le recul, des politiques d’affirmative action menées par trois prestigieuses universités de la côte est des USA - Yale, Harvard et Princeton, "the Big Three" membres de la Ivy League. Pour quelles raisons ces universités de l'élite extrêmement sélectives et fières de leur passé se sont-elles "brusquement" penchées dès les années 1960, sur les problèmes de recrutement de "minoritaires" ? Depuis leur ..

Zoonoses

Animals are all around us. We overlap with them in environments across the globe, which leads to myriad interactions, including shared infectious and parasitic diseases. Such diseases, known as zoonoses, are the focus of this book. Within its pages, the authors describe the nature and transmission of zoonoses, discuss the diseases of greatest concern, detail different protective measures, and examine the factors responsible for zoonosis emergence and evolution. This work encourages readers to delve deeper into the world of animals and microbes that surrounds us. It presents knowledge we must possess to better protect ourselves and, more importantly, to adopt a more holistic approach to our relationships with animals and the living world

Positions libérales, positions radicales dans la lutte contre les inégalités racistes

Ces derniers mois, les discussions autour de la question de l’“égalité des chances” — si l’on met de côté les mesures fortement contestées touchant aux modifications des contrats d’embauche de la loi qui porte ce nom — ont enfin permis de donner à la Haute autorité de lutte contre les discriminations et pour l’égalité (Halde) la possibilité “d’infliger pour faits de discrimination des sanctions pécuniaires (en la dotant) d’une véritable prérogative de puissance publique dépassant les missions..

Positions libérales, positions radicales dans la lutte contre les inégalités racistes

Ces derniers mois, les discussions autour de la question de l’“égalité des chances” — si l’on met de côté les mesures fortement contestées touchant aux modifications des contrats d’embauche de la loi qui porte ce nom — ont enfin permis de donner à la Haute autorité de lutte contre les discriminations et pour l’égalité (Halde) la possibilité “d’infliger pour faits de discrimination des sanctions pécuniaires (en la dotant) d’une véritable prérogative de puissance publique dépassant les missions..

Les états d'esprit de l'entrée en scène

Formé à l'Ecole du Passage (Niels Arestrup) puis à l'ENSATT (Théâtre : Nada Strancar, Alain Knapp. Cinéma : Jean-Pierre Améris), Gaëtan Vourc’h a aussi étudié le théâtre à l'Université de Glasgow (Ecosse). Acteur, il travaille entre autres avec Noëlle Renaude, Florence Giorgetti, Edith Scob, Christophe Huysman, Irène Bonnaud, Maurice Benichou, Damien Caille-Perret, Philippe Minyana, Agnès Bourgeois, Frédéric Maragnani. Depuis 2002, il a par ailleurs participé à tous les projets du Vivarium St..

Quelles statistiques pour quelle lutte contre les discriminations ?

Depuis déjà une dizaine d’années, des chercheurs en sciences sociales (démographes, sociologues, historiens, etc.) débattent, souvent de façon fort polémique, sur l’opportunité de disposer, en France, de « statistiques ethniques », mettant ainsi en question les effets de la loi du 6 janvier 1978 qui « interdit de collecter des données à caractère personnel qui font apparaître directement ou indirectement, les origines raciales ou ethniques ». Ce qui est nouveau, aujourd’hui, c’est que des org..

Reliability of molecular host-identification methods for ticks: an experimental in vitro study with Ixodes ricinus

Background: Reliable information on host use by arthropod vectors is required to study pathogen transmission ecology and to predict disease risk. Direct observation of host use is often difficult or impossible and indirect methods are therefore necessary. However, the reliability of currently available methods to identify the last host of blood-feeding arthropods has not been evaluated, and may be particularly problematic for ticks because host blood has been digested at capture. Biases in host detection may lead to erroneous conclusions on both vector ecology and pathogen circulation. Methods: Here, we experimentally tested for biases in host detection using the generalist three-host tick Ixodes ricinus as a model system. We fed ticks using an artificial feeding system and amplified blood meal traces post-moult (i.e., in the succeeding unfed life stage) via both a quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay and a reverse line blotting method. We then experimentally tested for three types of biases in host detection: 1) time post-moult, 2) tick life stage and 3) host type (non-nucleated mammal blood versus nucleated avian blood), and compared these biases between the two molecular methods. Results: Our results show that all three factors can influence host detection in ticks but not necessarily in the expected way. Although host detection rates decreased with time post-moult, mammal blood tended to be more readily detected than bird blood. Tick life stage was also an important factor; detection was higher in nymphs than in adults and, in some cases, remnants from both larval and nymphal blood meals could be detected in the adult stage. These biases were similar for the two detection techniques. Conclusions: We show that different factors associated with questing ticks may influence our ability to correctly infer previous host use and that these factors may bias inferences from field-based studies. As these biases may be common to other vector-borne disease systems, their implications for our understanding of vector ecology and disease transmission require more explicit consideration

Evidence in Practice – A Pilot Study Leveraging Companion Animal and Equine Health Data from Primary Care Veterinary Clinics in New Zealand

Veterinary practitioners have extensive knowledge of animal health from their day-to-day observations of clinical patients. There have been several recent initiatives to capture these data from electronic medical records for use in national surveillance systems and clinical research. In response, an approach to surveillance has been evolving that leverages existing computerized veterinary practice management systems to capture animal health data recorded by veterinarians. Work in the United Kingdom within the VetCompass program utilizes routinely recorded clinical data with the addition of further standardized fields. The current study describes a prototype system that was developed based on this approach. In a 4-week pilot study in New Zealand, clinical data on presentation reasons and diagnoses from a total of 344 patient consults were extracted from two veterinary clinics into a dedicated database and analyzed at the population level. New Zealand companion animal and equine veterinary practitioners were engaged to test the feasibility of this national practice-based health information and data system. Strategies to ensure continued engagement and submission of quality data by participating veterinarians were identified, as were important considerations for transitioning the pilot program to a sustainable large-scale and multi-species surveillance system that has the capacity to securely manage big data. The results further emphasized the need for a high degree of usability and smart interface design to make such a system work effectively in practice. The geospatial integration of data from multiple clinical practices into a common operating picture can be used to establish the baseline incidence of disease in New Zealand companion animal and equine populations, detect unusual trends that may indicate an emerging disease threat or welfare issue, improve the management of endemic and exotic infectious diseases, and support research activities. This pilot project is an important step toward developing a national surveillance system for companion animals and equines that moves beyond emerging infectious disease detection to provide important animal health information that can be used by a wide range of stakeholder groups, including participating veterinary practices