Communication interventions to promote the public's awareness of antibiotics: a systematic review.

BackgroundInappropriate antibiotic use is implicated in antibiotic resistance and resultant morbidity and mortality. Overuse is particularly prevalent for outpatient respiratory infections, and perceived patient expectations likely contribute. Thus, various educational programs have been implemented to educate the public.MethodsWe systematically identified public-directed interventions to promote antibiotic awareness in the United States. PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, CINAHL, and Scopus were queried for articles published from January 1996 through January 2016. Two investigators independently assessed titles and abstracts of retrieved articles for subsequent full-text review. References of selected articles and three review articles were likewise screened for inclusion. Identified educational interventions were coded for target audience, content, distribution site, communication method, and major outcomes.ResultsOur search yielded 1,106 articles; 34 met inclusion criteria. Due to overlap in interventions studied, 29 distinct educational interventions were identified. Messages were primarily delivered in outpatient clinics (N = 24, 83%) and community sites (N = 12, 41%). The majority included clinician education. Antibiotic prescription rates were assessed for 22 interventions (76%). Patient knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs (KAB) were assessed for 10 interventions (34%). Similar rates of success between antibiotic prescription rates and patient KAB were reported (73 and 70%, respectively). Patient interventions that did not include clinician education were successful to increase KAB but were not shown to decrease antibiotic prescribing. Three interventions targeted reductions in Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance; none were successful.ConclusionsMessaging programs varied in their designs, and many were multifaceted in their approach. These interventions can change patient perspectives regarding antibiotic use, though it is unclear if clinician education is also necessary to reduce antibiotic prescribing. Further investigations are needed to determine the relative influence of interventions focusing on patients and physicians and to determine whether these changes can influence rates of antibiotic resistance long-term

Health Condition Monitoring of Transformer: A Review

In power system network Transformers are one ofthe most vital asset equipment so it requires special care andobservation. Health Monitoring of transformers before problemsoccur it can stop unscheduled faults that are cost of maintance orrepair and outcome in a misplacement of service. Monitoringsystem can help the transformer life cycle as well as authenticity.Monitoring is observing the statistics of transformer andidentifies data of history of transformer. The main goal of thispaper is to convey need of condition monitoring, types of failureoccurs in transformers and to review mitigation methodologiesadopted for health condition monitoring of transformers

Структурні, морфологічні та оптичні характеристики диселеніду кобальту, вирощеного методом прямого переносу пари (DVT)

Протягом багатьох років з використанням дихалькогенідів перехідних металів (TMDCs) було проведено величезну кількість досліджень та зроблено багато важливих інновацій. Цей клас шаруватих напівпровідникових матеріалів знайшов використання у сфері виготовлення пристроїв завдяки багатьом своїм універсальним властивостям. Регульована ширина забороненої зони, що супроводжується чудовими фотонними та електронними властивостями, є вражаючими особливостями цих матеріалів. Вони відповідають типу MX2 з силами Ван-дер-Ваальса, які утримують прошарки, де M (Mo, Nb, Re, Hf тощо) символізує перехідний метал, а X (Se, S або Te тощо) є атомом халькогену. У цьому класі матеріалів кобальт використовується як добавка для покращення властивостей багатьох сполук. Метою роботи є вирощування диселеніду кобальту (CoSe2) методом прямого переносу пари (DVT) за допомогою виготовленої на замовлення двозонної печі. XRD, HRTEM-SAED, SEM-EDX та UV-VIS-NIR спектроскопія використовувалися для ідентифікації структурних, морфологічних та оптичних властивостей. Результати XRD і SAED підтверджують полікристалічний характер підготовленого зразка; також результати узгоджуються з раніше повідомленими роботами. SEM та HRTEM зображують морфологію поверхні та шарувату структуру підготовленого зразка. Також EDX підтверджує стехіометрію, чистоту та однорідність підготовленого зразка. Пряма та непряма заборонені зони, отримані за допомогою UVVIS-NIR спектроскопії, становлять 3,303 еВ та 3,046 еВ відповідно.Enormous research and many noteworthy innovations have been done using Transition Metal Dichalcogenides (TMDCs) over the years. This class of layered semiconductor materials has found a strong foothold in the realm of device making due to theirs many versatile properties. The tunable band gap, accompanied with remarkable photonic and electronic properties, are a few of the striking features of these materials. They follow the 'MX2' type of arrangement with van der Waals forces holding the interlayers, where M (Mo, Nb, Re, Hf etc.) symbolizes a transition metal and X (Se, S or Te, etc.) is a chalcogen atom. Among the family, cobalt is used as a dopant to perk up the properties of many compounds. The focus of the work is to grow cobalt diselenide (CoSe2) by Direct Vapor Transport (DVT) method using a custom made dualzone furnace. XRD, HRTEM-SAED, SEM-EDX and UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy are utilized to identify their structural, morphological and optical properties. XRD and SAED results confirm the polycrystalline nature of the sample prepared; also, the results are consistent with previously reported works. SEM and HRTEM depict the surface morphology and layered structure of the prepared sample. Also, EDX confirms the stoichiometry, purity and homogeneity of the prepared sample. The direct and indirect band gaps obtained using UV-VIS-NIR spectroscopy are 3.303 eV and 3.046 eV, respectively

A Comparison of Narcotic Usage and Length of Post-Operative Hospital Stay in Open Versus Minimally Invasive Lumbar Fusion

- Introduction: Lumbar fusion can be accomplished through open or minimally invasive surgery (MIS). While the open technique involves a long central incision through skin and muscle, MIS utilizes multiple small incisions and is generally associated wi

Communication interventions to promote the public's awareness of antibiotics: a systematic review.

BackgroundInappropriate antibiotic use is implicated in antibiotic resistance and resultant morbidity and mortality. Overuse is particularly prevalent for outpatient respiratory infections, and perceived patient expectations likely contribute. Thus, various educational programs have been implemented to educate the public.MethodsWe systematically identified public-directed interventions to promote antibiotic awareness in the United States. PubMed, Google Scholar, Embase, CINAHL, and Scopus were queried for articles published from January 1996 through January 2016. Two investigators independently assessed titles and abstracts of retrieved articles for subsequent full-text review. References of selected articles and three review articles were likewise screened for inclusion. Identified educational interventions were coded for target audience, content, distribution site, communication method, and major outcomes.ResultsOur search yielded 1,106 articles; 34 met inclusion criteria. Due to overlap in interventions studied, 29 distinct educational interventions were identified. Messages were primarily delivered in outpatient clinics (N = 24, 83%) and community sites (N = 12, 41%). The majority included clinician education. Antibiotic prescription rates were assessed for 22 interventions (76%). Patient knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs (KAB) were assessed for 10 interventions (34%). Similar rates of success between antibiotic prescription rates and patient KAB were reported (73 and 70%, respectively). Patient interventions that did not include clinician education were successful to increase KAB but were not shown to decrease antibiotic prescribing. Three interventions targeted reductions in Streptococcus pneumoniae resistance; none were successful.ConclusionsMessaging programs varied in their designs, and many were multifaceted in their approach. These interventions can change patient perspectives regarding antibiotic use, though it is unclear if clinician education is also necessary to reduce antibiotic prescribing. Further investigations are needed to determine the relative influence of interventions focusing on patients and physicians and to determine whether these changes can influence rates of antibiotic resistance long-term