Russian factory inspection (1882-1918): cui bono?

This study deals with history of important state institution in late Russian Empire - factory inspection. Such aspects of institutional development as evolution of legislative regulations, growth of staff, and complication of functions (and particularly, mediation in labour conflicts) are scrutinized. This paper presents some results on Russian experience of labour law implementation seeking to determine and evaluate the role and efficiency of Russian factory inspectors in conflicting triangle of relations among state, industrialists and workers.labour law ; factory inspection ; labour conflicts ; Russia

Bistability and Hysteresis of Intersubband Absorption in Strongly Interacting Electrons on Liquid Helium

We study nonlinear inter-subband microwave absorption of electrons bound to the liquid helium surface. Already for a comparatively low radiation intensity, resonant absorption due to transitions between the two lowest subbands is accompanied by electron overheating. The overheating results in a significant population of higher subbands. The Coulomb interaction between electrons causes a shift of the resonant frequency, which depends on the population of the excited states and thus on the electron temperature $T_e$. The latter is determined experimentally from the electron photoconductivity. The experimentally established relationship between the frequency shift and $T_e$ is in reasonable agreement with the theory. The dependence of the shift on the radiation intensity introduces nonlinearity into the rate of the inter-subband absorption resulting in bistability and hysteresis of the resonant response. The hysteresis of the response explains the behavior in the regime of frequency modulation, which we observe for electrons on liquid $^3$He and which was previously seen for electrons on liquid $^4$He

Simulation of Atomic Structure Near Nanovoids in BCC Iron

Generally, displacement fields near voids are determined by the equations of elasticity theory. Such a description has its disadvantages as it does not take into account the discrete atomic structure of materials. In this work, we use a new variant of Molecular Static method for investigation of the atomic structure near nanovoids. In our model an iterative procedure is employed, in which the atomic structure in the void vicinity and the parameter determining the displacement of atoms embedded into an elastic continuum are obtained in a self-consistent manner. Results show that the displacements are significantly different for varies crystallographic directions. Keywords: voids; iron; simulation; atomic structure; vacancie

Combined modeling of projected evaluation of the regional socio-economic development

Purpose: The article reveals the authors' approach to forecast the socio-economic development of a region. Design/Methodology/Approach: The framework of this approach envisages the construction of three interrelated models: a matrix predictor, an autoregressive model, and a binary choice logit model. This approach ensures an adequate reproduction of the systemic dynamics of indicators of regional socio-economic development. Findings: Authors' models require their implementation in the state management function of the regional economy and testing with specific examples illustrating opportunities of multidimensional economic and mathematical modeling of difficult socio-economic phenomena and processes. Practical implications: Authors' development represents a conceptual foundation for the development of digital regional socio-economic monitoring systems providing an opportunity for a qualitative increase in the reliability and relevance of prognostic parameters. Originality/Value: The contribution of the article is assessment of an opportunity to model the dynamics of multidimensional processes with the perspective to build a combined forecast model of the socio-economic development of the region, providing for the implementation of multivariate forecast calculations.peer-reviewe

Electron interaction with domain walls in antiferromagnetically coupled multilayers

For antiferromagnetically coupled Fe/Cr multilayers the low field contribution to the resistivity, which is caused by the domain walls, is strongly enhanced at low temperatures. The low temperature resistivity varies according to a power law with the exponent about 0.7 to 1. This behavior can not be explained assuming ballistic electron transport through the domain walls. It is necessary to invoke the suppression of anti-localization effects (positive quantum correction to conductivity) by the nonuniform gauge fields caused by the domain walls.Comment: 5 pages with 3 figure

Effect of chromophore-chromophore electrostatic interactions in the NLO response of functionalized organic-inorganic sol-gel materials

In the last years, important non-linear optical results on sol-gel and polymeric materials have been reported, with values comparable to those found in crystals. These new materials contain push-pull chromophores either incorporated as guest in a high Tg polymeric matrix (doped polymers) or grafted onto the polymeric matrix. These systems present several advantages; however they require significant improvement at the molecular level - by designing optimized chromophores with very large molecular figure of merit, specific to each application targeted. Besides, it was recently stated in polymers that the chromophore-chromophore electrostatic interactions, which are dependent of chromophore concentration, have a strong effect into their non-linear optical properties. This has not been explored at all in sol-gel systems. In this work, the sol-gel route was used to prepare hybrid organic-inorganic thin films with different NLO chromophores grafted into the skeleton matrix. Combining a molecular engineering strategy for getting a larger molecular figure of merit and by controlling the intermolecular dipole-dipole interactions through both: the tuning of the push-pull chromophore concentration and the control of TEOS (Tetraethoxysilane) concentration, we have obtained a r33 coefficient around 15 pm/V at 633 nm for the classical DR1 azo-chromophore and a r33 around 50 pm/V at 831 nm for a new optimized chromophore structure.Comment: 10 pages, 11 figures, 1 tabl

Microwave Absorption of Surface-State Electrons on Liquid 3^3He

We have investigated the intersubband transitions of surface state electrons (SSE) on liquid $^3$He induced by microwave radiation at temperatures from 1.1 K down to 0.01 K. Above 0.4 K, the transition linewidth is proportional to the density of $^3$He vapor atoms. This proportionality is explained well by Ando's theory, in which the linewidth is determined by the electron - vapor atom scattering. However, the linewidth is larger than the calculation by a factor of 2.1. This discrepancy strongly suggests that the theory underestimates the electron - vapor atom scattering rate. At lower temperatures, the absorption spectrum splits into several peaks. The multiple peak structure is partly attributed to the spatial inhomogeneity of the static holding electric field perpendicular to the electron sheet.Comment: 15 pages, 7 figures, submitted to J. Phys. Soc. Jp

THE COMBINED LASER SURGERY OF VITREOUS HEMORRHAGES DUE TO RETINAL HORSESHOE TEARS PREVENTION

Purpose. To estimate clinical results of combined laser technology of vitreous hemorrhages due to retinal vessels avulsion in horseshoe tears prevention.Material and  methods.  The surgery was performed in  24  eyes of 22 patients with the presence of the blood vessel in the zone of the retinal horseshoe  tear.  The combined laser  technology included  the horseshoe tear barrier laser photocoagulation prior to the blood vessel laser photocoagulation with immediate Nd:YAG-laser vessel dissection. All patients were examined by the standard ophthalmoscopy and novel diagnostic modalities, such as ultrasound, digital retinal imaging and scanning laser imaging of the fundus periphery at the baseline, 1, 3and 12-month follow-up.Results. The complete blood vessel dissection has been achieved in all of 24 eyes. The bridge-vessel laser dissection without hemorrhages was in 15 of 19 eyes. Slight hemorrhages in 4 cases during laser surgery were observed. In all 5 eyes with the adjacent vessel the bloodless dissection was also achieved without intraoperative complications. There was no occurrence of bleeding from the dissected vessels for the entire followup period.Conclusion.  The combined laser technology of the vitreous hemorrhages prevention has demonstrated positive clinical results in patients with bridging retinal vessels. In case of the tear progression and the risk of adjacent vessel avulsion repeated combined laser dissection can be performed

Identification of shallow Al donors in ZnO

A combined magnetic resonance, photoluminescence, photoconductivity, and Raman scattering study of ZnO is presented. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) and electron-nuclear double resonance (ENDOR) spectroscopy identify substitutional Al as a binding core of a shallow, effective-mass-like donor in ZnO. Based on the correlation between the EPR and photoluminescence data it is shown that recombination of an exciton bound to Al gives rise to the 3360.7meV photoluminescence line (I 6). A 1s→ 2p donor transition at 316cm -1 is detected in photoconductivity and Raman spectra. © 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim