603 research outputs found

    The Ride

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    Whales

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    The Wheelchair

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    HOMUNCULUS Bearing Incorporeal Arcticulations

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    This dissertation studies ‘the Arctic in Change’. In contrast to a traditional research setting, its aim is to engage with questions that respond to both ‘the Arctic’ and ‘in Change’ as preformed answer and outcome. Since ‘the Arctic’ is not constituted by a single definition, mode, science, art, discipline, method, state, continent, image, symbol, instance, agent or unit, it is considered and treated with the means and matters of bricolage in the spirit of post-qualitative inquiry. Accordingly, this approach requires involvement from a multiplicity of theoretical, methodological and research material: the intra-actions of performativity theory, the genealogy of discursive material practices, studies on perception, visual culture, aesthetics and ethics, art & design, ecology and ethology, as well as the politics residing in them. Furthermore, the recognition of the partiality, influence and agency of the elements constituting this study beyond the rationalised and controlled research design requires a more fluid manner of writing, deriving from the ideals of writerly and open text, infused with inter- and intratextuality and co-conducted in phenomenological writing to produce a novel conduct in avoiding firm structuring and hierarchy while pursuing open-ended objectives. The analysis begins by compromising the cohesion of Arctic representations as objects with unaltered identities, exhibiting a diorama of a polar bear. The seemingly neutral and passive object occupies several inherited subject positions that emerge from it as material outcomes. The representation holds the capacity to record the audience’s corporeality through sensory and motoric traces and to perform through their bodies as fixed prepositions. The encounter endangers and re-establishes the participatory subject and object positions as co- and counter to each other. How representations are conducted is foremost a question of the manipulation of distance, which proceeds from aesthetics to epistemological and ontological conditions. Different characteristics emerge, disappear, become manageable or are in reach depending on their distance, which is defined as the relationship between the point of perception and the perceived. Attempts to overcome this distance with various scientific technologies and artistic techniques are inevitably influenced by what comes in-between. To penetrate the distance with direct bodily engagements for the purpose of Arctic investigation, is an act limited to the ontology of the knowing body. In order to perform under the natural and cultural environmental conditions related to the Arctic, the body is contained and reproduced as non-Arctic with specific material arrangements within the research vessel, from labour to recovery, to maintain it as a societal human subject. These discursive–material arrangements constitute the human body through an incorporeal–animal binary, constructed within the equipment of ergonomics and exercise inherited from agriculture and industrialisation. When the same adjustment, human–animal, is conducted in micro-space, it is transferred into the colonial project of discipline and cultivation as a rectilinear school: it emerges as an invasive species in the regional circular ‘ecology’ and as cultural violence towards the landscape that is formed by seasonal and regional movement that happens in circles, conducting the livelihood and the identity of the People. The reading and rewriting of the landscape, as well as the history and memory of the bodies within it, do not place these human–animal binaries beneath one another, but rather within an act of performative restructuring. While certain iconic animals, are considered representatives of the Arctic region, in the animal activist’s attempt to speak for the other, to witness animal subjectivity with documentary techniques and technologies, they do not succeed in ethically mediating or negotiating the subjectivity of the animal-other as such. Such technique produces a hybrid subjectivity of the human, animal and recording technology combined that also fails to free itself from the weight of the genealogy of the human–animal relations of trapping, hunting, slaughter and putting on display. While problematising the capability to engage with the animal subject as an animal, the study further indicates the ‘small other’ taking place in subject–object encounters, restating ‘in-between’ as ‘in-the-midst’. The human–animal relation contained in an artefact, and its capacity to contain and surface such genealogies, is finally studied in the context of contemporary political debate on the use, meaning and matter of the inuksuit, communities building and enacting stone figures erected traditionally by the Inuit for various purposes. While the inuksuit have been adopted by the national state with its colonial practices towards the indigenous peoples, the inukshuk re-emerges as a re-establishment of identity and power over life and region, natural, social and political bodies. The questions throughout the thesis suggest that ‘the Arctic’ is not accessible or returnable as the ‘truth’; it is not capable to exist in the Lacanian Real, resisting all definitions and relations. It is composed in linguistic, imaginary and symbolic manner and matter as a figuration ‘arcticulated’ into an entity existing only ‘in Change’. This entity is to be expressed with a figure that bends and reads in multiple modes. The Arctic is therefore a bearing in which one can dwell as a human being, where this being owes and invests itself in an intra-face, named a ‘homunculus’, a transferring and conducting of human characteristics. The outcomes ought to enable radical and critical thinking towards the ‘taken for granted’ truths of the Arctic as an object of inquiry through established metatheoretical conceptualisations. The ‘homunculus’ is offered as a guide for understanding the forms and matters of politics on the issue in a new way in order to have an impact on political science and beyond.VĂ€itöskirjan tutkimuskohteena on ”Arktinen muutoksessa”. Perinteisesti tutkimuskysymyksestĂ€ johdettavan tutkimusasetelman sijaan tutkimuskohteen osat ”Arktinen” ja ”muutoksessa” tulkitaan ennakko-olettamina, tutkimusvastauksina, jolloin tutkimustavoitteeksi syntyy nĂ€ihin lopputulemiin johtavien tutkimuskysymysten löytĂ€minen. Koska Arktinen ei koostu yhdestĂ€ mÀÀritelmĂ€stĂ€, modaliteetista, tieteen- tai taiteenalasta, oppiaineesta, metodista, valtiosta, mantereesta, kuvasta, symbolista, tilanteesta, toimijasta tai yksiköstĂ€, kĂ€sitellÀÀn sitĂ€ brikolaasina jĂ€lkilaadullisen tutkimuksen hengessĂ€. LĂ€hestymistapa edellyttÀÀ useiden erilaisten teoreettisten, metodologisten ja tutkimusaineistollisten lĂ€htökohtien hyödyntĂ€mistĂ€ performatiivisuusteoriasta genealogiaan, havainnon, visuaalisen kulttuurin, estetiikan, etiikan ja taiteen tutkimukseen, ekologiasta elĂ€inten kĂ€yttĂ€ytymistieteeseen, sekĂ€ niiden poliittisen luonteen tunnistamiseen. Tavoitteen saavuttaminen edellyttÀÀ tiukasti kontrolloitua tutkimusasetelmaa ja raportointia joustavampaa kirjoittamistapaa, liikkuen fenomenologisesta kirjoittamisesta ja avoimesta tekstistĂ€, intertekstuaalisuuteen ja intratekstiin, vĂ€lttĂ€en tutkimusta rajoittavia rakenteita ja hierarkioita, uudenlaisten sisĂ€ltöjen ja avointen lopputulosten tuottamiseksi. Tutkimusanalyyttinen matka alkaa Arktisen representaatioiden koheesion ja identiteetin muuttumattomuuden kyseenalaistamisella. Tiedekeskuksen jÀÀkarhudiorama ymmĂ€rretÀÀn performatiivisena artefaktina, joka ilmeisen neutraalina ja passiivisena esillepanona sisĂ€llyttÀÀ joukon polveutuvia subjektipositioita ja materiaalisia voimasuhteita. JÀÀkarhun representaatiolla on kapasiteetti tallentaa yleisön ruumiillisuus sensorisina ja motorisina jĂ€lkinĂ€, ja liikuttaa yleisöÀÀn prepositioihin, asemoiden subjektin ja objektin tietynlaiseen keskinĂ€issuhteeseen. Representaatioiden tuottamisessa on keskeisesti kysymys etĂ€isyyden manipuloinnista, edeten estetiikasta, epistemologisiin ja ontologisiin kysymyksiin. Eri piirteet ilmaantuvat, katoavat, tulevat hallittaviksi tai tavoitettaviksi riippuen etĂ€isyydestĂ€ eli suhteesta havaitsijan ja havainnoitavan vĂ€lillĂ€. Yritykset ylittÀÀ etĂ€isyys tieteen kĂ€yttĂ€mien teknologioiden sekĂ€ taiteellisten tekniikoiden avulla tuottavat vĂ€littĂ€vĂ€n ja vĂ€liin tulevan tason, josta tulee erottamaton osa havainnoitavaa kohdetta. Yritys ylittÀÀ etĂ€isyys Arktiseen suoran kehollisen kontaktin keinoin rajoittuu vĂ€istĂ€mĂ€ttĂ€ tietĂ€vĂ€n kehon ontologiaan. Kuten tutkimusaluksella, Arktisen luonto- ja kulttuuriympĂ€ristössĂ€ suoriutuva keho on sĂ€ilötty ja uudelleentuotettu ei-arktisena erityisillĂ€ materiaalisilla jĂ€rjestelyillĂ€ ja tekniikoilla, sĂ€ilyttÀÀkseen inhimillisen kehon lĂ€nsimaiseen yhteiskuntaan sovitettavana. Ihmiskehoa tukeva elĂ€inten hyötykĂ€ytöstĂ€ liikkumisessa sekĂ€ maatalouden ja teollisuuden voimansiirrossa. NĂ€in ollen ihmiskehoa muokkaavat diskursiivismateriaaliset kĂ€ytĂ€nnöt rakentuvat ihmisen ja elĂ€imen yhdistĂ€vĂ€stĂ€ teknologisesta suhteesta, jossa elĂ€imen ruumiillisuus on muutoin poissaolevana. Kun ihmisen ja elĂ€imen agraarisesta suhteesta syntyvĂ€ mikro-tilallinen rakennekaava siirretÀÀn osaksi koloniaalista koulutusta ja kurinpitoa, ilmenee kultivointi suorakaiteenmuotoisena kouluympĂ€ristönĂ€. Lineaarisuus ja suorakulmaiset muodot toimivat vieraslajin tavoin vaarantaen alueellisen kehĂ€llisen ekologian, toimien kulttuurisena vĂ€kivaltana kehĂ€llisen ja kausittaisen liikkeen muodostamaa maisemaa kohtaan, joka liittyy erottamattomana osana luontaiselinkeinoihin ja alueelliseen ryhmĂ€identiteettiin. Maiseman lukeminen ja uudelleenkirjoittaminen, ja sen sisĂ€ltĂ€mien kehojen historia ja muisti, eivĂ€t aseta elĂ€in-ihmis binaarin osapuolia toisilleen alisteisiksi, vaan keskinĂ€iseen performatiiviseen suhteeseen. Tiettyjen ikonisten elĂ€inten, kuten poron, tunnistetaan edustavan Arktista aluetta. ElĂ€inaktivistiset yritykset todistaa elĂ€imen subjektiivista kokemusta eri dokumentointitekniikoiden ja teknologioiden vĂ€littĂ€mĂ€nĂ€ epĂ€onnistuvat todentamaan elĂ€imen kokemuksen eettisesti. Kyseiset tekniikat tuottavat elĂ€imen sijaan hybridisen subjektiviteetin koostuen ihmisen, elĂ€imen ja tallentavan teknologian yhdistelmĂ€stĂ€, joka ei onnistu vapautumaan tappamisen genealogiastaan, kuten ansapyynnistĂ€, metsĂ€styksestĂ€, teurastuksesta ja voitonmerkeistĂ€. ElĂ€imen subjektiviteetin autenttisen esittĂ€misen problematiikka paljastaa ”pienen toisen” lĂ€snĂ€olon subjektin ja objektin vĂ€lisessĂ€ suhteessa, jolloin suhteen tarkastelu “toista” kohtaan muuttuu vĂ€lisestĂ€ keskiseksi. Ihmisen ja elĂ€imen suhteen genealogian tallentuminen artefaktiin, joka toimii niin sĂ€ilönĂ€ kuin esiintulopintana, tutkitaan lopuksi osana poliittista debattia koskien Kanadan Inuiitti- yhteisöjen eri tarkoituksiin perinteisesti kivistĂ€ pystyttĂ€mien inuksuk-hahmojen kĂ€yttöÀ ja merkitystĂ€. Inukshuk edelleen toimii maisemallisesti alkuperĂ€iskansaan kuuluvia ihmisiĂ€ toisiinsa, elinkeinoonsa, sekĂ€ ympĂ€ristönsĂ€ elĂ€imistöön konkreettisesti sitovana sosiaalisen ja poliittisena ruumiina, samalla kun kansallisvaltio on kolonisoinut sen kĂ€yttöÀ. Kysymykset lĂ€pi tutkielman johtavat ymmĂ€rrykseen ettĂ€ ”Arktinen” ei avaudu tai palaudu ”totuudeksi” Lacanilaisessa ymmĂ€rryksessĂ€, jossa ”Todellinen” vastustaa kaikkia mÀÀritelmiĂ€ ja suhteellistuksia. Arktinen koostuu lingvistisestĂ€, kuvitteellisesta, kuvallisesta ja symbolisesta hahmotelmasta, joka on ”arktikuloitu” olevaksi vain ”muutoksesssa”. TĂ€mĂ€n kokonaisuuden voi ilmaista hahmolla, joka taipuu ja on luettavissa eri modaliteeteissa. Arktinen on siten asema ja suuntima, jossa voidaan sĂ€ilyĂ€ ihmisinĂ€, investoiden siihen oman inhimillisen jĂ€lkensĂ€ ’homunculuksen’. Tutkimustuloksen on tarkoitus mahdollistaa radikaali ja kriittinen tapa ajatella Arktista totuudellisuutta, joka on ”otettu annettuna”, kehitettyjen metateoreettisten konseptien avulla. Homunculus toimii oppaana ymmĂ€rrykseen arktisen poliittisuudesta, uudistaen kĂ€sityksiĂ€mme yli politiikkatieteen rajojen

    I Wanted to Go There

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    The Rope Swing

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    Picture Frame

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    Young researchers of the Barents Region

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    The body of fear : critical history of thought toward the political uncanny

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    This study examines, describes and conceptualises the politics of fear. Fear and politics are in many cases connected but the nature of their relation is often inaccurately explained. The aim in the study is to find and develop analytical tools for deeper understanding of the fragmented phenomenon of the politics of fear. This is done by combining different methods and theoretical approaches to discover the varieties but also to find comparable features which enable to achieve more holistic understanding. The core of the research is constructed around Michel Foucault’s Archaeology of Knowledge and genealogy including Sohail Inayatullah’s Causal Layered Analysis. The research is framed into the eventalized body where the fear and power relations are localised and made visible. Fear is argued here to be based on the understanding of causality which relates it to memory. In sociopolitical context the collective memory is constructed of different documents forming the representative and simulative reality which is set under the analysis. The analysis is divided into the concepts of symbolic violence, the silence, breach in social reality and trauma which are seen as the constructing processes of the formation of the objects of fear. The study shows that the objects of fear are formed in interactive relations between the subject and the object which emerge in the context framed and interpret by the heritage as discursive practices, sign systems and symbolic exchange. Outcome of the power and resistance materialises in the human figure which is transformed it into the body of fear

    An Ab Initio Computation of the Potential Energy Surfaces of the DNA Bases

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    The potential energy surfaces of atoms in DNA can be analyzed and compared to show how their bonds break. This DNA potential energy reference data is very useful to understanding how DNA damage occurs, however, a dataset of relevant potential energy surfaces is not available for scientific use. We obtain the potential energy surfaces of various atoms in the four DNA bases adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine, by moving an atom in these molecules in three orthogonal directions using ORCA, an ab initio quantum chemistry software. Density functional theory isused to compute potential energies as an atom is moved, and this data is compiled into a useful three-dimensional surface for experimental application
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