Science for Statecraft: the British Empire and New Sciences 1890-1920

Um das Jahr 1890 gab es in Großbritannien keine Lehrstühle, Vorlesungen und keine Lehrveranstaltungen, die sich mit imperialer Geschichte, Geografie, Wirtschaftsgeschichte oder internationalen Beziehungen beschäftigten. Dies änderte sich im Laufe der nächsten drei Jahrzehnte. Diese Dissertation analysiert diese Entwicklung. Ich wollte verstehen, was diese Entwicklungen angeregt hat und wollte nachprüfen, wer hinter diesen Änderungen stand. Die wichtigste Erkenntnis ist, dass in allen vier Fällen die Begründer der Fachbereiche die wichtigsten Elemente der Weltanschauung teilten. Zuallererst, ohne Ausnahme, handelten sie, weil sie überzeugt waren, dass das Imperium sich in Richtung des Zusammenbruchs seiner Macht bewegte. Diese Arbeit argumentiert, dass diese Unsicherheit die Suche nach neuen Formen der Erkenntnis begünstigte. Was ist möglich zu bemerken ist, erstens, sorgten sich diese Pioniere in erster Linie um die Zukunft und handelten an späterer Stelle als wissenschaftliche Erneuerer. Zweitens führe ich aus, dass viele Pioniere der Fachbereichen in mehr als nur einer Disziplin agierten. Anders gesagt, die Schaffung von neuem Wissen war wichtiger als jeder besondere Fachbereich. Drittens verfolgten diese neuen Fachbereiche das Ziel praktisches Wissen zu erzeugen, das von Staatsmännern genutzt werden konnte. Zuletzt, weil die Schlussfolgerungen dieser neuen Fachbereiche eine große Reichweite benötigten, mussten ihre Pioniere ein großes Publikum erreichen. Als darauffolgende Konsequenz waren diese neuen Fachbereiche nicht innerhalb der Mauern der Universitäten verschlossen. Der Drang danach, weite Massen zu erreichen, war einer der Hauptgründe, warum es zu einer Institutionalisierung kam. In allen vier Fallbeispielen zeige ich, wie genau diese wahrnehmbaren Schwierigkeiten den zeitlichen und geographischen Umfang dieser neuen Fachbereiche vorbestimmt haben, ebenso wie ihre thematischen Vorlieben.Around 1890 there were no university chairs, no lectures, and no courses dealing with imperial history, geography, economic history or international relations in Great Britain. Over the course of the next three decades this changed. This dissertation analyses this evolution. I attempted to understand what provoked these developments and I inquired who stood behind these changes. Most importantly, comparison points that in all four instances disciplinary innovators shared the key convictions. Above all, without exception, they acted because they were convinced that the Empire is heading towards the collapse of its powers. The argument of the thesis is that the uncertain future gave rise to the quest for the new kind of knowledge. What is possible to notice is, in the first place, that the pioneers firstly started to worry about the future, and only later acted as scientific innovators. In the second place, I point that many disciplinary pioneers were acting in more than a single discipline. In other words, the creation of a new kind of a knowledge was more important than any specific area of studies. Third, the new disciplines ought to produce practical knowledge that could be used by statesmen. Lastly, because conclusions of these new disciplines needed to be disseminated, the pioneers had to reach wide audiences. As a consequence of this, the new disciplines were not confined within walls of universities. This desire to reach the masses is the key reason why institutionalisation happened. In all four case studies I demonstrate how exactly these perceived problems predetermined the chronological and geographical scope of the new disciplines, together with their thematic predilections

Science for Statecraft: the British Empire and New Sciences 1890-1920

Around 1890 there were no university chairs, no lectures, and no courses dealing with imperial history, geography, economic history or international relations in Great Britain. Over the course of the next three decades this changed. This dissertation analyses this evolution. I attempted to understand what provoked these developments and I inquired who stood behind these changes. Most importantly, comparison points that in all four instances disciplinary innovators shared the key convictions. Above all, without exception, they acted because they were convinced that the Empire is heading towards the collapse of its powers. The argument of the thesis is that the uncertain future gave rise to the quest for the new kind of knowledge. What is possible to notice is, in the first place, that the pioneers firstly started to worry about the future, and only later acted as scientific innovators. In the second place, I point that many disciplinary pioneers were acting in more than a single discipline. In other words, the creation of a new kind of a knowledge was more important than any specific area of studies. Third, the new disciplines ought to produce practical knowledge that could be used by statesmen. Lastly, because conclusions of these new disciplines needed to be disseminated, the pioneers had to reach wide audiences. As a consequence of this, the new disciplines were not confined within walls of universities. This desire to reach the masses is the key reason why institutionalisation happened. In all four case studies I demonstrate how exactly these perceived problems predetermined the chronological and geographical scope of the new disciplines, together with their thematic predilections.Око 1890. године у Великој Британији није било универзитетских катедри, предавања и курсева који би се бавили историјом империја, географијом, економском историјом или међународним односима. Током наредне три деценије ово се променило. Ова дисертација анализира ову еволуцију. Покушао сам да откријем шта је изазвало овај развој догађаја и покушао сам да откријем ко стоји иза ових промена. Што је најважније, поређење указује да су у сва четири случаја дисциплинарни иноватори делили кључна уверења и поставке. Пре свега, без изузетка, деловали су зато што су били уверени да Царство иде ка краху своје моћи. Аргумент тезе је да је неизвесна будућност покренула потрагу за новом врстом знања. Оно што је могуће приметити је, пре свега, да су пионири прво почели да брину о будућности, а тек касније су се понашали као научни иноватори. Као друго, истичем да су многи академски пионири деловали у више од једне дисциплине. Другим речима, стварање нове врсте знања било је важније од било које специфичне области студија. Треће, нове дисциплине требало је да произведу практична знања која могу користити државницима. На крају, пошто су закључци ових нових дисциплина морали да се шире, да се саопште широким масама становништва, пионири ових дисциплина су морали да допру до широке публике. Као последица овога, нове дисциплине нису биле затворене у зидове универзитета. Та жеља да се допре до маса је кључни разлог зашто је дошло до институционализације. У све четири студије случаја демонстрирам како су тачно ови уочени проблеми унапред одредили хронолошки и географски обим нових дисциплина, заједно са њиховим тематским склоностима.Докторска дисертација је одбрањена на Хумболтовом Универзитету у Берлину 2021. године. У комисији су били проф. др Андреас Екерт (Хумболтов Универзитет) и проф. др Данкан Бел (Универзитет у Кембриџу). Die Präsidentin der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr. Sabine Kunst Die Dekanin der Philosophischen Fakultät Prof. Dr. Gabriele Metzler Gutachter Erstgutachter: Prof. Dr. phil Andreas Eckert Zweitgutachter: Prof. Dr. phil Duncan Bel

MEDICAL NUTRITION THERAPY IN MANAGEMENT OF EATING DISORDERS

The treatment of eating disorders demands a comprehensive medical approach, where a dietitian has an important role, primarily due to numerous instances of malnutrition. The objective of this paper was to recapitulate the research findings and clinical evidence which show the importance of medical nutrition therapy in the treatment of eating disorders; furthermore, they present significant guidelines for clinical practice. The research methods have entailed a thorough exploration of literature available at research data bases. The results of the research studies published so far have unambiguously pointed out that, when eating disorders are concerned, there is an urgent need for a diet therapy in order for the patient to restore the appropriate body weight as well as normal eating habits. On the one hand, certain authors suggest returning to normal nutritional habits immediately, whereas, on the other hand, certain others advocate a diet therapy program, that is, a gradual process of recovery. Patients incapable of oral food intake receive enteral nutrition. Parenteral nutrition is applied for recovering the lost electrolytes and fluids, but it should be applied rarely, primarily in states of urgency. For patients suffering from eating disorders the increase in weight indicates good chances of recovery; therefore, the patient’s nutritional status should be carefully and continuously noted. Finally, it is important that our country, too, should adopt a carefully prescribed and conducted diet therapy as an obligatory step in the treatment of patients with eating disorders

Data Models for Moving Objects in Road Networks – Implementation and Experiences

Paper deals with the specific LBS scenario – Fleet management (FM) and more specifically with systems for Automatic vehicle location (AVL). Well designed and implemented spatial data model for moving objects is one of the most significant elements of any AVL system. In practical applications the results of the latest scientific research are seldom applied, despite the fact that this area has been developing intensively for more than 20 years. The reasons for this are analysed in the paper. Short analysis of functionality of these systems is presented considering the impact of these functionalities on the implemented data model for moving objects and more specifically their impact on spatio-temporal component of the model. The paper especially reviews the possibility of using road networks as a basis for the representation of moving objects data models and a fact that these models are rarely used in practical applications. A solution overcoming this situation is proposed. The solution assumes transition from the system that is not based on road network to the system that is based on network. There are quite few research papers dealing with OSM data models. Therefore, a significant space in this paper is dedicated to the description of these models since OSM data can be valuable for this type of applications