Probing the heat during the PCCI beat : determining PCCI engine temperatures using two-line thermometry, Aachen, Germany.

Temperature is a key parameter for reaction progress during combustion, and as such its experimental determination has been a subject of considerable interest for many years. The aim of our present project is to study the 2-D temperature field in a realistic heavy-duty Diesel engine under the conditions of premixed charge compression ignition (PCCI) combustion. Two-line OH Laser Induced Fluorescence (LIF) thermometry will be used, in combination with spontaneous Raman scattering as an independent calibration. Here, we discuss the initial test measurements performed on a high-pressure high-temperature gas cell, and the selection of OH line pairs for thermometry. In addition, we will discuss Raman scattering temperature measurements that were carried out in a realistic engine

Quantitative nitric oxide measurements by means of laser-induced fluorescence in a heavy-duty Diesel engine

Quantitative in-cylinder laser-induced fluorescence measurements ofnitric oxide in a heavy-duty Diesel engine are presented. Special attention is paid to experimental techniques to assess the attenuation of the laser beam and the fluorescence signal by the cylinder contents.This attenuation can be considerable at certain stages in the combustionstroke. The temperature and pressure dependence of the fluorescence signal is described in various models. In this study, LIFsim was used.Finally, calibration was realized by concentration measurements in the exhaust gas

Laser beam attenuation in LIF measurements on NO in a diesel engine

The effect of laser beam attenuation on nitric oxide measurements in a diesel engine is presented. A number ofexperimental ways to correct for this attenuation are discussed: transmission measurements, bidirectional laserinducedfluorescence, and Raman scattering by N\u3csub\u3e2\u3c/sub\u3e. Comparison of the results indicates that the attenuation isgenerally not uniform over the cylinder. Instead it seems to be less severe over the field of view (i.e. the upper partof the cylinder)

Laser beam attenuation in LIF measurements on NO in a diesel engine

The effect of laser beam attenuation on nitric oxide measurements in a diesel engine is presented. A number ofexperimental ways to correct for this attenuation are discussed: transmission measurements, bidirectional laserinducedfluorescence, and Raman scattering by N2. Comparison of the results indicates that the attenuation isgenerally not uniform over the cylinder. Instead it seems to be less severe over the field of view (i.e. the upper partof the cylinder)

Characterization of the external envelope glycoprotein of maedi-visna virus, an ovine lentivirus

The envelope glycoproteins of Maedi-Visna virus consist of a surface glycoprotein (gpl35) which is responsible for the characteristic spikes on the surface of the virion, and a transmembrane protein (gp41) whose function includes linkage to the surface glycoprotein, anchoring it to the virion envelope. The external glycoprotein is required for attachment to the host cell via a receptor molecule present on the surface of the cell. Cells of the macrophage lineage are the main target cells in MVV infection in vivo. The host humoral response is targeted to the surface glycoprotein resulting in neutralizing antibody production. The relevance of these antibodies is not understood as virus infection persists despite this active immune response. The external glycoprotein has also been shown to be susceptible to antigenic variation.Expression of gpl35 as three overlapping fragments in the bacterial pGEX system was undertaken with a view of using the recombinant protein as a source of immunogen to raise monoclonal antibodies. These and the three recombinant fragments could be used for epitope mapping. However, these fragments proved to be toxic to bacterial cells resulting in low yields and high levels of contamination. In depth studies were carried out to improve the yield and attempts were made to raise immune polyclonal sera. Characterization of these sera is described.Recombinant protein studies were extended to express gpl35 in the baculovirus expression system. This resulted in a reliable source of recombinant protein that was devoid of contamination and was easily purified. This protein was glycosylated and was recognised by MW-infected sheep sera. Preliminary studies were carried out to determine its interaction with sheep fibroblasts and hence its use to isolate the host cell receptor.Attempts were made to raise monoclonal antibodies against gpl35 purified from virions by lectin affinity chromatography. The development of a screening assay is described. This approach did not result in the generation of any anti-gpl35 monoclonals. The preparation of polyclonal antisera raised against two peptides within the external glycoprotein is reported

Managing the impact on biodiversity of supply chain companies

Industrial development has had a major role in creating the situation where bio-diverse materials and services essential for sustaining business are under threat. A key contributory factor to biodiversity decline comes from the cumulative impacts of extended supply chain business operations. In order to contribute to stopping this decline, the industrial world needs to form a better understanding of the way it utilizes the business and biodiversity agenda in its wider operations. This thesis investigates the perceptions and attitudes to biodiversity from government, society and a wide cross-section of industry. The research includes the extent of corporate attention to and use of environmental business tools and guidelines in reporting on biodiversity issues. A case study of three companies from different industrial sectors is undertaken to observe procurement and related environmental management of their supply chains. The use of accredited and non-accredited environmental management systems (EMS) are analysed as frameworks for introducing biodiversity aspects into supply chain management. The outcome is a methodology, which can be used either as a bespoke in-house biodiversity management system or within an accredited ISO 14001 EMS, for incorporating the assessment and management of the potential risks and opportunities involving environmental impacts on biodiversity of supply chain companies

Managing the impact on biodiversity of supply chain companies

Industrial development has had a major role in creating the situation where bio-diverse materials and services essential for sustaining business are under threat. A key contributory factor to biodiversity decline comes from the cumulative impacts of extended supply chain business operations. In order to contribute to stopping this decline, the industrial world needs to form a better understanding of the way it utilizes the business and biodiversity agenda in its wider operations. This thesis investigates the perceptions and attitudes to biodiversity from government, society and a wide cross-section of industry. The research includes the extent of corporate attention to and use of environmental business tools and guidelines in reporting on biodiversity issues. A case study of three companies from different industrial sectors is undertaken to observe procurement and related environmental management of their supply chains. The use of accredited and non-accredited environmental management systems (EMS) are analysed as frameworks for introducing biodiversity aspects into supply chain management. The outcome is a methodology, which can be used either as a bespoke in-house biodiversity management system or within an accredited ISO 14001 EMS, for incorporating the assessment and management of the potential risks and opportunities involving environmental impacts on biodiversity of supply chain companies.EThOS - Electronic Theses Online ServiceGBUnited Kingdo

Dinámica fluvial del río Ara (Pirineo aragonés)

Tesis doctoral inédita leida en la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Facultad de Filosofía y Letras, Departamento de Geografía. Fecha de lectura: 7-03-199

Submarine fans and associated deposits in the Lower Tertiary of Guipuzcoa (Northern Spain)

The Lower Tertiary outcrop along the coast of Guipuzcoa, northern Spain, consists exclusively of deep-marine sediments, deposited in a narrow elongated (ESE-WNW) basin. The early Tertiary sedimentary history of this basin can be described in terms of three main phases:- a phase of predominantly (hemi-)pelagic deposition (almost the entire Paleocene);- a phase of deposition from axially flowing carbonate-rich turbidity currents (latest Paleocene to earliest Eocene);- a phase of lateral input of predominantly terrigenous clastics via submarine fans (largest part of the early Eocene).During the latter two phases (hemi-)pelagic sedimentation became proportionally less important -due to increasing rates of turbidite sedimentation. Late Maastrichtian to early Paleocene diapirism of Upper Triassic evaporites had created swells and depressions In the basin floor and controlled the deposition of turbidites well into the early Eocene. Various facies associations can be distinguished In the Lower Eocene turbidite successions. In the 'middle fan association' thick-bedded proximal turbidites are concentrated in overall non-channelised packages, tens of metres thick, which internally show channelling. In the 'outer fan association' thick-bedded proximal turbidites have planar geometries but are still concentrated in packages. A vertical section through these packages commonly displays a crude coarsening - and thickening - upward trend of beds. In the 'fan fringe association' thick-bedded proximal turbidites no longer occur concentrated in groups but disseminated in a matrix of thin-bedded distal turbidites. The 'basin plain association' is characterised by monotonous successions of thin-bedded turbidites. (Hemi-)Pelagic interbeds may be present in all of these facies associations. Vertical and later 1 arrangements of different facies associations can be interpreted to terms of episodes of progradation and abandonment of submarine fan systems. Long-distance lateral facies relationships could only be established with the aid of biostratigraphic control, for which use was made of calcareous nannoplankton from the interbedded hemipelagic marls. In the Lower Eocene the turbidites derived from the northern basin margin are carbonate-cemented quartz-arenites. Those derived from the southern basin margin have a lithic-arenitic composition. The stratigraphic superposition of submarine fans fed from opposite basin margins directly indicates that the deep-marine basin must have been rather narrow, probably only a few tens of kilometres wide