Spin dependent recombination based magnetic resonance spectroscopy of bismuth donor spins in silicon at low magnetic fields

Low-field (6-110 mT) magnetic resonance of bismuth (Bi) donors in silicon has been observed by monitoring the change in photoconductivity induced by spin dependent recombination. The spectra at various resonance frequencies show signal intensity distributions drastically different from that observed in conventional electron paramagnetic resonance, attributed to different recombination rates for the forty possible combinations of spin states of a pair of a Bi donor and a paramagnetic recombination center. An excellent tunability of Bi excitation energy for the future coupling with superconducting flux qubits at low fields has been demonstrated.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Investment security management in transition economies : legal and organizational aspects

Purpose: There are significant differences between countries in transition from socialism to market economy, and hence differences in investment flows. As a result, the level of economic growth, competitiveness, and integration into the world markets differs significantly. Different transformation strategies, economic policies, and the level of openness of the economy explain the differences between countries. It is revealed that the level of political rights, civil liberties and economic freedom significantly affect investment flows. The aim of this article is to highlight these differences and evaluate them. Design/Methodology/Approach: Data from 18 countries in transition are used to analyze investment security management. Findings: The study has found that countries in transition have a low level of investment flows and a low level of investment security. On average, net investment inflows account for 3.5% of GDP. There is a positive relationship between investment outflows and gross capital formation, gross savings, GDP growth, and the index of economic freedom, however, on the other hand there is negative relationship between capital outflows and the index of political rights and civil liberties. Originality/Value: Investment security management depends on institutions and institutional infrastructure as well as the ability to stimulate investment in the country. Reducing trade barriers and opening up the economy also contributes to increase investment in the country. Over the past ten years, investments in countries in transition have declined considerably due to weak investment security management.peer-reviewe

Neutrino energy transport in weak decoupling and big bang nucleosynthesis

We calculate the evolution of the early universe through the epochs of weak decoupling, weak freeze-out and big bang nucleosynthesis (BBN) by simultaneously coupling a full strong, electromagnetic, and weak nuclear reaction network with a multi-energy group Boltzmann neutrino energy transport scheme. The modular structure of our code provides the ability to dissect the relative contributions of each process responsible for evolving the dynamics of the early universe in the absence of neutrino flavor oscillations. Such an approach allows a detailed accounting of the evolution of the $\nu_e$, $\bar\nu_e$, $\nu_\mu$, $\bar\nu_\mu$, $\nu_\tau$, $\bar\nu_\tau$ energy distribution functions alongside and self-consistently with the nuclear reactions and entropy/heat generation and flow between the neutrino and photon/electron/positron/baryon plasma components. This calculation reveals nonlinear feedback in the time evolution of neutrino distribution functions and plasma thermodynamic conditions (e.g., electron-positron pair densities), with implications for: the phasing between scale factor and plasma temperature; the neutron-to-proton ratio; light-element abundance histories; and the cosmological parameter \neff. We find that our approach of following the time development of neutrino spectral distortions and concomitant entropy production and extraction from the plasma results in changes in the computed value of the BBN deuterium yield. For example, for particular implementations of quantum corrections in plasma thermodynamics, our calculations show a $0.4\%$ increase in deuterium. These changes are potentially significant in the context of anticipated improvements in observational and nuclear physics uncertainties.Comment: 37 pages, 12 Figures, 6 Table

Новітні технології обробки молока

The paper describes the use of membrane pasteurization methods for milk processing (ultra- and microfiltration-separation of pressure limits 0.1). The processing problem is crucial in the production of industrial milk, it solves new technologies for the production of cheese from ultra high-temperature processing of raw materials with the latest technologies for the use of materials (SCHREIBER and HUBER) This extreme heat treatment has been proven for inactivated bacterial concentrates or bactofugs, which are produced by purifying bacteria – bactofugate. The indirect process of UHT and VT treatment is less intense to disinfect microorganisms, because it needs to be heated, pasteurized with an uninterrupted process of UVT. This definition is the processing of industrial milk is valid toda.У статті викладено використання мембранних пастеризаційних методів обробки молока (ultra- і microfiltration – separation межі тиску 0.1.). Проблема обробки є вирішальною в заготівлі індустріального молока. ЇЇ вирішенням є викорис-тання новітніх технологій для виробництва сиру. Воно полягає в ультра високотемпературній обробці сировини при нові-тніх технологіях використання матеріалів (SCHREIBER і HUBER). Ця екстремальна термічна обробка була доведена для інактивованих бактерійних концентратів або бактофуг, які виробляються шляхом очистки від бактерій – бактофугату. Непрямий процес УВТ та ВТ обробки менш інтенсивний для знезараження мікроорганізмів, тому що потрібно підігрівати, пастеризувати з безперебійним процесом УВТ. Таке визначення для обробки індустріального молока є актуальним сьогодні

Управління інвестиційно-будівельними проектами на основі ЕРС/М контрактів

The article reveals the content and importance of applying EPC/M contracts for the implementation of construction projects, which are the most common forms of engineering contracts in the practice of the world market. The main characteristics of the contracts are described, their main differences are revealed, the positive aspects of using each of these contracts are determined. The article analyzes the problem of Ukraine’s lagging behind the developed countries in executing by domestic engineering companies EРС(M)-contracts on the implementation of construction projects.Стаття розкриває зміст і важливість застосування EPC/M-контрактів на здійснення інвестиційно-будівельних проектів, які є поширеними формами інжинірингових контрактів в практиці світового ринку. Описується основні характеристики розглянутих контрактів, виявляється їх основні відмінності, визначається позитивні сторони використання кожного з цих контрактів. Аналізується проблема відставання України від розвинених країн в частині виконання вітчизняними інжиніринговими компаніями ЕРС/М-контрактів щодо реалізації інвестиційно-будівельних проектів

Вдосконалення проекту на основі підвищення ефективності інвестиційної діяльності

The article theoretical analysis of the main principles and categories connected with investment activity is conducted in the construction industry.В статті проводиться теоретичний аналіз основних принципів та категорій, пов’язаних з інвестиційною діяльністю в будівельній галузі

INVESTMENT AND CONSTRUCTION PROJECT AS AN OBJECT OF RISK ANALYSIS

This article describes the study and clarification of the essence of the category of «risk» as an economic component and object management in the sphere of investment and construction, the rationale for the initial assumptions of the risk as a key element of logic management decision in the implementation of ICP. As well as revealing the features and meaningful disclosure of the main problems of the analysis and assessment of risks in investment and construction activities