Journal of Proteomics & Bioinformatics- Open Access www.omicsonline.com Research Article JPB/Vol.2/February 2009 Main Pathways of Proteome Simplification in Alphaherpesviruses Under the Influence of the Strong Mutational GC-pressure

Copyright: © 2009 Khrustalev VV, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. The simplification of amino acid content distribution under the influence of the strong mutational pressure takes place in simplex and varicello viruses proteins coded by genes with GC-content higher than 60%. We proved this statement by the way of in-silico calculation of Shannon’s entropy of amino acid content distribution in all proteins from ten completely sequenced simplex and varicello viruses. Entropy of amino acid content distribution decreases because of the growth of GARP (glycine, alanine, arginine and proline) usage due to the decrease not only in FYMINK (phenylalanine, tyrosine, methionine, isoleucine, asparagine and lysine) but also in other amino acids (coded by codons with average GC-content) usages. Threonine, serine, glutamine and cysteine are frequently substituted to GARP in proteins coded by genes with G+C higher than 60 % (threonine and serine are substituted mostly to alanine while glutamine and histidine are substituted mostly to arginine). Cysteine, valine and leucine are frequently substituted to GARP only in proteins coded by genes with G+C higher than 80%, probably because of the higher radicalism of these substitutions. Levels of tryptophan, glutami

Comprehensive surveillance data suggest a prominent role of parvovirus B19 infection in Belarus and the presence of a third subtype within subgenotype 1a

Abstract Human parvovirus B19 (B19V) infection is not notifiable in Belarus and its most common clinical presentation erythema infectiosum (EI) is often difficult to distinguish from other exanthematous diseases. The objective of this study was to provide comprehensive data about EI epidemiology in Belarus based on the serological and molecular investigation of samples from measles and rubella discarded cases collected between 2005 and 2019. Overall, 4919 sera were investigated for IgM antibodies against B19V and the positive cases were analysed according to year, season and age. B19V DNA was amplified by PCR in a total of 238 sera from all over the country, and sequenced for phylogenetic analyses. B19V infection was confirmed in 1377 (27.8%) measles and rubella discarded cases. Two high incidence periods and a seasonal increase of EI between mid-February to mid-July were identified. Children from 4 to 6 and from 7 to 10 years of age represented the largest groups of patients (22.51% and 22.66% of all cases, respectively), followed by adults between 20 and 29 years of age (14.23%). Among the 238 B19Vs sequenced, one belonged to subgenotype 3b and 237 to subgenotype 1a with 81 (34.2%) clustering with subtypes 1a1 and 153 (64.6%) with 1a2. Three strains (1.2%) formed an additional, well-supported cluster suggesting the presence of another subtype of 1a, tentatively named 1a3. The epidemiological and molecular analyses highlighted not only the prominent role of B19V in exanthematous diseases in Belarus, but also suggested a previously underestimated diversity of subgenotype 1a sequences with a third subtype 1a3