Unifying approach for fluctuation theorems from joint probability distributions

Any decomposition of the total trajectory entropy production for Markovian systems has a joint probability distribution satisfying a generalized detailed fluctuation theorem, when all the contributing terms are odd with respect to time reversal. The expression of the result does not bring into play dual probability distributions, hence easing potential applications. We show that several fluctuation theorems for perturbed non-equilibrium steady states are unified and arise as particular cases of this general result. In particular, we show that the joint probability distribution of the system and reservoir trajectory entropies satisfy a detailed fluctuation theorem valid for all times although each contribution does not do it separately

Gattungshistorische Überlegungen mit Einzelstudien zur Epik des italienischen Quattrocento und der französischen Renaissance

Das vorliegende Working Paper untersucht transhistorische Filiationen aktualitätsepischen Schreibens von der Antike bis in die Frühe Neuzeit. Ausgehend von purifizierend vereinfachenden Grundannahmen der Moderne, die das Epos allein auf ideologiestabilisierende Narrative einer mythhistorischen Vorzeit beschränken (z.B. Bachtin), sollen hier zum einen die seit der Antike bestehende und in ihrer Quantität bedeutsame Tradition von zeithistorischer Epik und zum anderen anhand ausgewählter Epen, insbesondere aus dem italienischen Quattrocento und der französischen Renaissance, die zuweilen sehr produktive Spannung zwischen ‚alter‘ literarischer Gattung und ‚neuem‘ historischen Stoff aufgezeigt werden. Das Working Paper erweitert damit die Perspektive des Teilprojekts 03 („Die Pistole des Mars“) im Hinblick auf andere zeitliche und räumliche Kontexte. Die exemplarischen Studien sollen zeigen, dass der Rekurs auf die epische(n) Gattungstradition(en) keineswegs einheitlich ist, sondern äußerst heterogen ausfällt. Neben dem vergilischen Paradigma eines herrschaftspanegyrischen, teleologischen Großnarrativs mit einer theologisch-heilsgeschichtlichen Komponente (Tito Strozzi, Borsias), lässt sich ebenso aufgrund des zunehmenden Interesses an der griechischen Literatur im 15. Jahrhundert eine Homerisierung der Epik feststellen (Basinio da Parma, Hesperis). Die Epik Frankreichs rezipiert zudem die Ritterstoffe des Mittelalters und koppelt diese mit den antiken Mustern (Sébastien Garnier, Henriade). Schließlich bildet die Bürgerkriegsepik Lucans einen virulenten Bezugspunkt in der Verarbeitung des französischen Konfessionskonflikts (Paulus Thomas, Lutetias)

Manipulating Fock states of a harmonic oscillator while preserving its linearity

We present a new scheme for controlling the quantum state of a harmonic oscillator by coupling it to an anharmonic multilevel system (MLS) with first to second excited state transition frequency on-resonance with the oscillator. In this scheme that we call "ef-resonant", the spurious oscillator Kerr non-linearity inherited from the MLS is very small, while its Fock states can still be selectively addressed via an MLS transition at a frequency that depends on the number of photons. We implement this concept in a circuit-QED setup with a microwave 3D cavity (the oscillator, with frequency 6.4 GHz and quality factor QO=2E-6) embedding a frequency tunable transmon qubit (the MLS). We characterize the system spectroscopically and demonstrate selective addressing of Fock states and a Kerr non-linearity below 350 Hz. At times much longer than the transmon coherence times, a non-linear cavity response with driving power is also observed and explained.Comment: 8 pages, 5 figure

Acid leaching of Al- and Ta-substituted Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) solid electrolyte

Solid-state batteries (SSBs) are promising next-generation batteries due to their potential for achieving high energy densities and improved safety compared to conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) with a flammable liquid electrolyte. Despite their huge market potential, very few studies have investigated SSB recycling processes to recover and reuse critical raw metals for a circular economy. For conventional LIBs, hydrometallurgical recycling has been proven to be able to produce high-quality products, with leaching being the first unit operation. Therefore, it is essential to establish a fundamental understanding of the leaching behavior of solid electrolytes as the key component of SSBs with different lixiviants. This work investigates the leaching of the most promising Al- and Ta-substituted Li7La3Zr2O12 (LLZO) solid electrolytes in mineral acids (H2SO4 and HCl), organic acids (formic, acetic, oxalic, and citric acid), and water. The leaching experiments were conducted using actual LLZO production waste in 1 M of acid at 1:20 S/L ratio at 25 ◦C for 24 h. The results showed that strong acids, such as H2SO4, almost completely dissolved LLZO. Encouraging selective leaching properties were observed with oxalic acid and water. This fundamental knowledge of LLZO leaching behavior will provide the basis for future optimization studies to develop innovative hydrometallurgical SSB recycling processes

A theoretical comparison of strip and vertical slot-waveguide

For biosensing applications where small refractive index variations of the surrounding medium are monitored, light needs to have a strong interaction with such a surrounding biological medium. This is not the case for classical rib and strip waveguides where light is predominantly guided in the high index material. However, in slot waveguides, light is confined in a low index slot region sandwiched between two high index rails and due to the discontinuity of the electric field at the interface between the rails and slot, a significant fraction of the electromagnetic field is localized in the slot. As such slot waveguides present an interesting alternative for biosensing applications especially when made using silicon nitride which permits slot widths of up to 200nm and as such reachable fabrication tolerances, and reduced propagation losses compared to silicon slot waveguides with its higher refractive index contrast. Furthermore, for biosensing, the wider slot facilitates sample transport and using a multiple-slot structure, further enhancement of the optical confinement in low index slot regions is possible. In this paper we present work in progress of theoretical modeling for strip, slot and multiple-slot waveguides and compare their characteristics for sensing purposes

LNA: A New CW Nd Laser Tunable Around 1.05 And 1.08 Μm

We have investigated the CW laser properties of the lanthamide hexa-aluminate La0.9Nd0.1MgAl11O19 at room temperature. When a I cm long crystal is pumped by an Ar+ laser (514 nm) or a Kr+ laser (752 nm), CW emission is obtained with slope efficiencies of 10 and 26 percent, respectively. A four-plate Lyot filter in the cavity forces the LNA crystal to oscillate in either of the two major bands centered at 10 820 A (tuning range 80 A) and 10 545 A (tuning range 35 Å). Copyright © 1986 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc

The ATMODAT Standard enhances FAIRness of Atmospheric Model data

Within the AtMoDat project (Atmospheric Model Data, www.atmodat.de), a standard has been developed which is meant for improving the FAIRness of atmospheric model data published in repositories. Atmospheric model data form the basis to understand and predict natural events, including atmospheric circulation, local air quality patterns, and the planetary energy budget. Such data should be made available for evaluation and reuse by scientists, the public sector, and relevant stakeholders. Atmospheric modeling is ahead of other fields in many regards towards FAIR (Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, Reusable, see e.g. Wilkinson et al. (2016, doi:10.1101/418376)) data: many models write their output directly into netCDF or file formats that can be converted into netCDF. NetCDF is a non-proprietary, binary, and self-describing format, ensuring interoperability and facilitating reusability. Nevertheless, consistent human- and machine-readable standards for discipline-specific metadata are also necessary. While standardisation of file structure and metadata (e.g. the Climate and Forecast Conventions) is well established for some subdomains of the earth system modeling community (e.g. the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project, Juckes et al. (2020, https:doi.org/10.5194/gmd-13-201-2020)), other subdomains are still lacking such standardisation. For example, standardisation is not well advanced for obstacle-resolving atmospheric models (e.g. for urban-scale modeling). The ATMODAT standard, which will be presented here, includes concrete recommendations related to the maturity, publication, and enhanced FAIRness of atmospheric model data. The suggestions include requirements for rich metadata with controlled vocabularies, structured landing pages, file formats (netCDF), and the structure within files. Human- and machine-readable landing pages are a core element of this standard and should hold and present discipline-specific metadata on simulation and variable level

Non-24-Hour Sleep-Wake Disorder Revisited – A Case Study

The human sleep-wake cycle is governed by two major factors: a homeostatic hourglass process (process S), which rises linearly during the day, and a circadian process C, which determines the timing of sleep in a ~24-h rhythm in accordance to the external light–dark (LD) cycle. While both individual processes are fairly well characterized, the exact nature of their interaction remains unclear. The circadian rhythm is generated by the suprachiasmatic nucleus (“master clock”) of the anterior hypothalamus, through cell-autonomous feedback loops of DNA transcription and translation. While the phase length (tau) of the cycle is relatively stable and genetically determined, the phase of the clock is reset by external stimuli (“zeitgebers”), the most important being the LD cycle. Misalignments of the internal rhythm with the LD cycle can lead to various somatic complaints and to the development of circadian rhythm sleep disorders (CRSD). Non-24-hour sleep-wake disorders (N24HSWD) is a CRSD affecting up to 50% of totally blind patients and characterized by the inability to maintain a stable entrainment of the typically long circadian rhythm (tau > 24.5 h) to the LD cycle. The disease is rare in sighted individuals and the pathophysiology less well understood. Here, we present the case of a 40-year-old sighted male, who developed a misalignment of the internal clock with the external LD cycle following the treatment for Hodgkin’s lymphoma (ABVD regimen, four cycles and AVD regimen, four cycles). A thorough clinical assessment, including actigraphy, melatonin profiles and polysomnography led to the diagnosis of non-24-hour sleep-wake disorders (N24HSWD) with a free-running rhythm of tau = 25.27 h. A therapeutic intervention with bright light therapy (30 min, 10,000 lux) in the morning and melatonin administration (0.5–0.75 mg) in the evening failed to entrain the free-running rhythm, although a longer treatment duration and more intense therapy might have been successful. The sudden onset and close timely connection led us to hypothesize that the chemotherapy might have caused a mutation of the molecular clock components leading to the observed elongation of the circadian period