Effect of isolated; simultaneous and alternated pasture of sheep and cattle on pasture quality; performance; intake and carcass traits of sheep

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Agronomia e Medicina Veterinária, 2010.A presente dissertação apresenta uma pesquisa-ação que buscou construir uma práxis educacional ao ar livre em uma escola classe pública, localizada no Distrito Federal. A autora atuou como educadora e pesquisadora em um processo de ecoformação no ano de 2008, no qual se abordou a Educação Ambiental a partir da agroecologia e da permacultura. A partir de vivências e reflexões propiciadas pelas oficinas ecopedagógicas realizadas nos jardins da escola, a comunidade escolar inseriu a Educação Ambiental no Projeto Político Pedagógico. Criaram-se então mecanismos de promoção, acompanhamento e avaliação da prática do Projeto Político Pedagógico. O processo de observação e compreensão da prática docente ocorreu enfatizando as atividades desenvolvidas entre 2008- 2009, permeadas pelas rodas de conversa realizadas com os professores, a observação da percepção dos estudantes no momento de atuação no espaço verde e da entrevista realizada com a coordenadora pedagógica. Os resultados alcançados foram interpretados em uma narrativa descritiva com abordagem etnometodológica de todo processo e das práticas educativas realizadas na área verde da escola. Inovações no projeto político pedagógico da escola, o surgimento de uma comunidade de aprendizagem que discute e reflete sobre o uso da área verde como espaço pedagógico e o exercício de uma pedagogia ativa e significativa são os elementos que encontramos como resultado da experiência vivida. _________________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of three types of rotational pasture: isolated (I); simultaneous (S); and alternated (A) with sheep and cattle on structural and chemical traits of grass, voluntary dry matter intake, animal performance and carcass traits of sheep. The experimental period lasted 99 days. A experimental area of Panicum maximum cv. Tanzânia was used, with rotational pasture. There were 2 AU/ha. Twelve crossbred heifers, weighing initially 207 kg and 30 Santa Inês lambs weighing 23 kg were used as well as 16 adult ewes weighing 47 to standardize grazing pressure. The sheep received 200 g/animal/day of concentrate and cattle 2 kg/animal/day. The following parameters were determined on the pasture: forage mass available per grazing cycle (FMC); proportion of leaf (PL); stalk (PS); dead material (PDM), ratio leaf:stalk (L/S); levels of dry matter (DM), mineral (MM); crude protein (CP); ether extract (EE); neutral detergent fibre (NDF); acid detergent fibre (ADF); inorganic phosphorus (Pi) and total digestible nutrients (TDN). Animal weights included: weekly (WW); initial (WI) and final (WF), as well as weight gains: live weight (LWG) and mean daily weight gain (MDW). Dry matter intake was estimated 84 days after the start of the experiment using external indicators LIPE® - Purified and Enriched Lignin, to obtain total dry matter intake (DMItotal); from pasture (DMIpasture); in crude protein (DMIPB); per kg live weight (DMI%PV), metabolic weight (MW) and dry matter intake per kg metabolic weight (DMIMW). Carcass traits were measured including slaughter weight (SW), hot carcass (HCW) and cold carcass (CCW); hot carcass killout (HCK) and cold carcass (CCK); loss due to cooling (LCooling); fat cover (FC); skin weight (SkinW) and xii thickness (ST); thoracic (TOW) and abdominal (AOW) organ weight; scrotal (EC) and leg (LC) circumference; external carcass length (ECL); half carcass weight as well as weights and percentages of leg, shoulder, neck, back and ribs. The 12th rib was used to evaluate weight, eye muscle area (EMA); weight and percentages of muscle, bone and fat, levels of humidity, dry matter, protein, ether extract, mineral matter and edible portion as well as ratios muscle:bone and muscle:fat. The worst of all types of rotational pasture for traits of grass was A with results of PL, L/S, CP, NDF, ADF and TDN equivalents a 51,62, 1,90, 12,05, 70,34, 39,22 and 49,81%, respectively. There was no difference by S and I for grass traits. The worst of animal performance was to A, with 11,5 kg of LWG and 0,122 kg of MDW. Carcass traits were not affected by pasture system. The S system may be an alternative to traditional sheep rearing systems in the Brazilian savannah region

Rendimento e composição centesimal do tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) por diferentes cortes e categorias de peso

The industrial processing of tambaqui needs better standardization of cuts for greater appreciation in the current consumer market. This also includes knowledge of its composition by weight category. The objective of this study was to analyze the yield and the bromatological composition of the loin and ribs of tambaqui in distinct categories of weight. A total of 48 specimens were used to evaluate the yield of fillet, carcass, viscera and heads. The flesh was separated in loin and rib for assessments of moisture, protein, total lipids and mineral matter contents. The results showed that tambaquis with lower weight presented lower viscera yield and higher fillet yield (p <0.05). The data of centesimal composition evidenced an increase in the total lipid content in the loins of animals with more than 2,000 g of weight. In addition, higher ash content was observed in fish loins with less than 500 g of weight, possibly due to the presence of intramuscular spines in the analyzed samples. The study demonstrated differences in yield and nutritional composition that should be considered by the processing industry as strategy tools for commercialization and valorization of these species.O processamento industrial do tambaqui necessita melhor padronização de cortes para maior valorização no atual mercado consumidor. Isso inclui, também, o conhecimento da sua composição centesimal por categoria de peso. O objetivo desse estudo foi analisar o rendimento e a composição bromatológica do lombo e da costela de tambaquis em três categorias de peso vivo destinados ao abate comercial. Um total de 48 exemplares foi utilizado para avaliação dos rendimentos de filé, carcaça, vísceras e cabeças. Os filés foram separados em lombo e costela para as avaliações dos teores de umidade, proteína, lipídeos totais e matéria mineral.  Os resultados demonstraram que tambaquis com menor peso vivo apresentaram menor rendimento de vísceras e maior rendimento de filé (p<0,05). Os dados de composição centesimal evidenciaram aumento do teor de lipídeos totais no lombo dos animais com peso acima de 2.000 g. Além disso, foi observado maior conteúdo de matéria mineral nas amostras de lombo de peixes com peso inferior a 500 g, possivelmente pela existência de espinhas intramusculares nas amostras analisadas. O estudo demonstrou diferenças de rendimento e de composição nutricional que devem ser consideradas pela indústria processadora para melhor adequar a estratégia de comercialização e valorização da espécie

Effect of alternate and simultaneous grazing on endoparasite infection in sheep and cattle

This experiment was carried out on 8 ha of Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania pastures, with rotational grazing consisting of 7 days of occupation and 21 days of rest. Four treatments were evaluated: cattle grazing alone (BOV), sheep grazing alone (OVI), cattle and sheep grazing simultaneously (SIM) and cattle grazing followed by sheep (alternate - ALT). Twenty heifers and 30 male Santa Inês lambs were used. Fecal egg count (FEC) and fecal cultures were carried out. Blood was also collected to examine red and white cell series, total plasma protein (TPP), albumin and hemoglobin. FEC and estimated nematode pathogenicity index in sheep were lower in the SIM treatment. The Haemonchus spp. proportion was higher in isolated grazing systems. For sheep, mixed grazing was shown to reduce endoparasite infection, and SIM was better than ALT. For cattle, no difference between grazing systems was seen. Therefore, simultaneous grazing (sheep and cattle) may be a tool for reducing the need for anthelmintic treatments in sheep

Effect of alternate and simultaneous grazing on endoparasite infection in sheep and cattle

O experimento foi realizado em 8ha de pasto de Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania, com pastejo rotacionado de 7 dias de ocupação e 21 dias de descanso. Quatro tratamentos foram avaliados: bovinos pastejando isoladamente (BOV), ovinos pastejando isoladamente (OVI), bovinos e ovinos pastejando simultaneamente (SIM), e bovinos pastejando previamente aos ovinos (alternado - ALT). Vinte novilhas e 30 cordeiros Santa Inês foram utilizados. Contagem de ovos nas fezes (FEC) e coproculturas foram realizados. Sangue também foi colhido para examinar a série vermelha e branca, proteínas plasmáticas totais (TPP), albumina e hemoglobina. FEC e índice de patogenicidade estimada de nematoides nos ovinos foram menores no tratamento SIM. A proporção de Haemonchus spp. foi maior nos sistemas isolados de pastejo. Para os ovinos, os sistemas consorciados apresentaram redução na infecção endoparasitária, sendo SIM melhor que ALT. Para os bovinos, nenhuma diferença entre os sistemas de pastejo foi verificado. Entretanto, o pastejo simultâneo (ovinos e bovinos) pode ser uma ferramenta para reduzir a necessidade de tratamentos anti-helmínticos em ovinos.This experiment was carried out on 8 ha of Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania pastures, with rotational grazing consisting of 7 days of occupation and 21 days of rest. Four treatments were evaluated: cattle grazing alone (BOV), sheep grazing alone (OVI), cattle and sheep grazing simultaneously (SIM) and cattle grazing followed by sheep (alternate - ALT). Twenty heifers and 30 male Santa Inês lambs were used. Fecal egg count (FEC) and fecal cultures were carried out. Blood was also collected to examine red and white cell series, total plasma protein (TPP), albumin and hemoglobin. FEC and estimated nematode pathogenicity index in sheep were lower in the SIM treatment. The Haemonchus spp. proportion was higher in isolated grazing systems. For sheep, mixed grazing was shown to reduce endoparasite infection, and SIM was better than ALT. For cattle, no difference between grazing systems was seen. Therefore, simultaneous grazing (sheep and cattle) may be a tool for reducing the need for anthelmintic treatments in sheep.Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq