4 research outputs found
X-SRAM: Enabling In-Memory Boolean Computations in CMOS Static Random Access Memories
Silicon-based Static Random Access Memories (SRAM) and digital Boolean logic
have been the workhorse of the state-of-art computing platforms. Despite
tremendous strides in scaling the ubiquitous metal-oxide-semiconductor
transistor, the underlying \textit{von-Neumann} computing architecture has
remained unchanged. The limited throughput and energy-efficiency of the
state-of-art computing systems, to a large extent, results from the well-known
\textit{von-Neumann bottleneck}. The energy and throughput inefficiency of the
von-Neumann machines have been accentuated in recent times due to the present
emphasis on data-intensive applications like artificial intelligence, machine
learning \textit{etc}. A possible approach towards mitigating the overhead
associated with the von-Neumann bottleneck is to enable \textit{in-memory}
Boolean computations. In this manuscript, we present an augmented version of
the conventional SRAM bit-cells, called \textit{the X-SRAM}, with the ability
to perform in-memory, vector Boolean computations, in addition to the usual
memory storage operations. We propose at least six different schemes for
enabling in-memory vector computations including NAND, NOR, IMP (implication),
XOR logic gates with respect to different bit-cell topologies the 8T cell
and the 8T Differential cell. In addition, we also present a novel
\textit{`read-compute-store'} scheme, wherein the computed Boolean function can
be directly stored in the memory without the need of latching the data and
carrying out a subsequent write operation. The feasibility of the proposed
schemes has been verified using predictive transistor models and Monte-Carlo
variation analysis.Comment: This article has been accepted in a future issue of IEEE Transactions
on Circuits and Systems-I: Regular Paper
Data_Sheet_4_Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Streptococcus thermophilus TH1436 and TH1477 Showing Different Capability in the Use of Galactose.docx
<p>Streptococcus thermophilus is a species widely used in the dairy industry for its capability to rapidly ferment lactose and lower the pH. The capability to use galactose produced from lactose hydrolysis is strain dependent and most of commercial S. thermophilus strains are galactose-negative (Gal<sup>−</sup>), although galactose-positive (Gal<sup>+</sup>) would be more technologically advantageous because this feature could provide additional metabolic products and prevent galactose accumulation in foods. In this study, a next generation sequencing transcriptome approach was used to compare for the first time a Gal<sup>+</sup> and a Gal<sup>−</sup> strain to characterize their whole metabolism and shed light on their different properties, metabolic performance and gene regulation. Transcriptome analysis revealed that all genes of the gal operon were expressed very differently in Gal<sup>+</sup> and in the Gal<sup>−</sup> strains. The expression of several genes involved in mixed acid fermentation, PTS sugars transporter and stress response were found enhanced in Gal<sup>+</sup>. Conversely, genes related to amino acids, proteins metabolism and CRISPR associated proteins were under-expressed. In addition, the strains showed a diverse series of predicted genes controlled by the transcriptional factor catabolite control protein A (CcpA). Overall, transcriptomic analysis suggests that the Gal<sup>+</sup> strain underwent a metabolic remodeling to cope with the changed environmental conditions.</p
Table_1_Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Streptococcus thermophilus TH1436 and TH1477 Showing Different Capability in the Use of Galactose.docx
<p>Streptococcus thermophilus is a species widely used in the dairy industry for its capability to rapidly ferment lactose and lower the pH. The capability to use galactose produced from lactose hydrolysis is strain dependent and most of commercial S. thermophilus strains are galactose-negative (Gal<sup>−</sup>), although galactose-positive (Gal<sup>+</sup>) would be more technologically advantageous because this feature could provide additional metabolic products and prevent galactose accumulation in foods. In this study, a next generation sequencing transcriptome approach was used to compare for the first time a Gal<sup>+</sup> and a Gal<sup>−</sup> strain to characterize their whole metabolism and shed light on their different properties, metabolic performance and gene regulation. Transcriptome analysis revealed that all genes of the gal operon were expressed very differently in Gal<sup>+</sup> and in the Gal<sup>−</sup> strains. The expression of several genes involved in mixed acid fermentation, PTS sugars transporter and stress response were found enhanced in Gal<sup>+</sup>. Conversely, genes related to amino acids, proteins metabolism and CRISPR associated proteins were under-expressed. In addition, the strains showed a diverse series of predicted genes controlled by the transcriptional factor catabolite control protein A (CcpA). Overall, transcriptomic analysis suggests that the Gal<sup>+</sup> strain underwent a metabolic remodeling to cope with the changed environmental conditions.</p
Data_Sheet_2_Comparative Transcriptomic Analysis of Streptococcus thermophilus TH1436 and TH1477 Showing Different Capability in the Use of Galactose.docx
<p>Streptococcus thermophilus is a species widely used in the dairy industry for its capability to rapidly ferment lactose and lower the pH. The capability to use galactose produced from lactose hydrolysis is strain dependent and most of commercial S. thermophilus strains are galactose-negative (Gal<sup>−</sup>), although galactose-positive (Gal<sup>+</sup>) would be more technologically advantageous because this feature could provide additional metabolic products and prevent galactose accumulation in foods. In this study, a next generation sequencing transcriptome approach was used to compare for the first time a Gal<sup>+</sup> and a Gal<sup>−</sup> strain to characterize their whole metabolism and shed light on their different properties, metabolic performance and gene regulation. Transcriptome analysis revealed that all genes of the gal operon were expressed very differently in Gal<sup>+</sup> and in the Gal<sup>−</sup> strains. The expression of several genes involved in mixed acid fermentation, PTS sugars transporter and stress response were found enhanced in Gal<sup>+</sup>. Conversely, genes related to amino acids, proteins metabolism and CRISPR associated proteins were under-expressed. In addition, the strains showed a diverse series of predicted genes controlled by the transcriptional factor catabolite control protein A (CcpA). Overall, transcriptomic analysis suggests that the Gal<sup>+</sup> strain underwent a metabolic remodeling to cope with the changed environmental conditions.</p