1,845 research outputs found
Second harmonic spectroscopy to optically detect valley polarization in 2D materials
Valley polarization (VP), an induced imbalance in the populations of a
multi-valley electronic system, allows emission of second harmonic (SH) light
even in centrosymmetric crystals such as graphene. Whereas in systems such as
MoS or BN this adds to their intrinsic quadratic response, SH
generation in a multi-valley inversion-symmetric crystal can provide a direct
measure of valley polarization. By computing the nonlinear response and
characterizing theoretically the respective SH as a function of polarization,
temperature, electron density, and degree of VP, we demonstrate the possibility
of disentangling and individually quantifying the intrinsic and valley
contributions to the SH. A specific experimental setup is proposed to obtain
direct quantitative information about the degree of VP and allow its remote
mapping. This approach could prove useful for direct, contactless, real-space
monitoring of valley injection and other applications of valley transport and
valleytronics.Comment: Updating with published version, including typesetting corrections to
eqs 3 and 4; 7 pages, 5 figure
Macroeconomic effects of fiscal consolidations in a DSGE model for the Euro Area: does composition matter?
We develop a new-Keynesian DSGE model with an extended fiscal policy block to assess the conditions for expansionary fiscal consolidations. In addition to several taxes, we consider public employment expenditures and government spending, which may have different degrees of productivity. We calibrate the model for the Euro Area and use it to simulate alternative fiscal consolidations with changes in the budget composition. Among the main conclusions we find that: (i) if conducted with a cut in weaklyproductive spending and a symmetric increase in highly-productive spending, fiscal consolidations have expansionary effects on investment and output; (ii) if consolidation is pursued through a pure reduction in weaklyproductive public employment, the effects on output decrease with the degree of labor market competition and turn out to be positive under perfect competition.fiscal policy, fiscal consolidation, new-Keynesian DSGE model
Nonlinear photocurrents in two-dimensional systems based on graphene and boron nitride
DC photoelectrical currents can be generated purely as a non-linear effect in
uniform media lacking inversion symmetry without the need for a material
junction or bias voltages to drive it, in what is termed photogalvanic effect.
These currents are strongly dependent on the polarization state of the
radiation, as well as on topological properties of the underlying Fermi surface
such as its Berry curvature. In order to study the intrinsic photogalvanic
response of gapped graphene (GG), biased bilayer graphene (BBG), and hexagonal
boron nitride (hBN), we compute the non-linear current using a perturbative
expansion of the density matrix. This allows a microscopic description of the
quadratic response to an electromagnetic field in these materials, which we
analyze as a function of temperature and electron density. We find that the
intrinsic response is robust across these systems and allows for currents in
the range of pA cm/W to nA cm/W. At the independent-particle level, the
response of hBN-based structures is significant only in the ultra-violet due to
their sizeable band-gap. However, when Coulomb interactions are accounted for
by explicit solution of the Bethe-Salpeter equation, we find that the
photoconductivity is strongly modified by transitions involving exciton levels
in the gap region, whose spectral weight dominates in the overall frequency
range. Biased bilayers and gapped monolayers of graphene have a strong
photoconductivity in the visible and infrared window, allowing for photocurrent
densities of several nA cm/W. We further show that the richer electronic
dispersion of BBG at low energies and the ability to change its band-gap on
demand allows a higher tunability of the photocurrent, including not only its
magnitude but also, and significantly, its polarity.Comment: Updating with published version and respective references; 14 pages,
11 figure
A Monte Carlo Approach to Measure the Robustness of Boolean Networks
Emergence of robustness in biological networks is a paramount feature of
evolving organisms, but a study of this property in vivo, for any level of
representation such as Genetic, Metabolic, or Neuronal Networks, is a very hard
challenge. In the case of Genetic Networks, mathematical models have been used
in this context to provide insights on their robustness, but even in relatively
simple formulations, such as Boolean Networks (BN), it might not be feasible to
compute some measures for large system sizes. We describe in this work a Monte
Carlo approach to calculate the size of the largest basin of attraction of a
BN, which is intrinsically associated with its robustness, that can be used
regardless the network size. We show the stability of our method through
finite-size analysis and validate it with a full search on small networks.Comment: on 1st International Workshop on Robustness and Stability of
Biological Systems and Computational Solutions (WRSBS
Enhanced Optical Dichroism of Graphene Nanoribbons
The optical conductivity of graphene nanoribbons is analytical and exactly
derived. It is shown that the absence of translation invariance along the
transverse direction allows considerable intra-band absorption in a narrow
frequency window that varies with the ribbon width, and lies in the THz range
domain for ribbons 10-100nm wide. In this spectral region the absorption
anisotropy can be as high as two orders of magnitude, which renders the medium
strongly dichroic, and allows for a very high degree of polarization (up to
~85) with just a single layer of graphene. The effect is resilient to level
broadening of the ribbon spectrum potentially induced by disorder. Using a
cavity for impedance enhancement, or a stack of few layer nanoribbons, these
values can reach almost 100%. This opens a potential prospect of employing
graphene ribbon structures as efficient polarizers in the far IR and THz
frequencies.Comment: Revised version. 10 pages, 7 figure
Disorder Induced Localized States in Graphene
We consider the electronic structure near vacancies in the half-filled
honeycomb lattice. It is shown that vacancies induce the formation of localized
states. When particle-hole symmetry is broken, localized states become
resonances close to the Fermi level. We also study the problem of a finite
density of vacancies, obtaining the electronic density of states, and
discussing the issue of electronic localization in these systems. Our results
also have relevance for the problem of disorder in d-wave superconductors.Comment: Replaced with published version. 4 pages, 4 figures. Fig. 1 was
revise
Hydrogen generation by borohydrides: critical issues for portable applications
High volumetric and gravimetric efficiency are key to potential hydrogen energy carriers. Sodium borohydride emerges as such potentiality and a storage capacity well within DOE targets for 2015. Limitations exist due to the fact that hydrolysis is restricted by available water and due to the lack of low cost re-usable catalysts. An extensive amount of work has been done in our laboratories on Ni and Ru based catalysts, including synthesis and characterization and solutions have been
found for durability, stability and reutilization under operating conditions in small volume batch reactors. Results showed that the Langmuir-Hinshelwood model described fairly well the reaction kinetics for all tested temperatures up to 60ºC and up to reactant exhaustion. In this work, issues such as self-hydrolysis, stability of solutions for storage, water management, some aspects of the catalyzed hydrolysis as well as gas conditioning are studied in order to associate a storage solution with sodium borohydride to a low power air breathing cathode PEM fuel cell
Modelling the SFRC flexural behavior using a stress-strain relationship
No presente trabalho foi desenvolvida uma estratégia numérica de forma a avaliar
a possibilidade de ser definida uma lei tensão-extensão capaz de simular o comportamento
fendilhado do betão de custo competitivo reforçado com fibras de aço (BRFA) concebido no
âmbito de um projecto de investigação. Essa estratégia englobou dois modelos de
complexidade distinta. O primeiro, designado por modelo de secção, foi utilizado para, com
recurso a análise inversa e utilizando respostas força-flecha registadas em ensaios
experimentais, se determinarem os parâmetros que definem uma lei trilinear tensão-extensão
capaz de reproduzir as respostas experimentais com o rigor desejado. De seguida, esta lei foi
utilizada para definir o modo I de fractura da lei constitutiva da fenda, no âmbito de um
código computacional de análise não linear material de estruturas submetidas a estado plano
de tensão, suportado no método dos elementos finitos, onde o processo de fendilhação é
simulado por um modelo de fendilhação distribuída. Da aplicação dos dois modelos
constatou-se que o modelo de secção não permite definir a lei tensão-extensão pós pico (lei
de amolecimento) com o rigor necessário. Enquadrado numa análise inversa, o modelo
baseado no MEF foi de seguida utilizado para se determinar a lei de amolecimento do BRFA,
tendo-se constatado que essa lei não pode ser explicitada unicamente em função do conceito
de resistência equivalente, tal como sugere o RILEM TC 162-TDF.To assess the post-cracking stress-strain relationship for a developed cost
competitive steel fibre reinforced concrete (SFRC), a numerical strategy involving two
numerical models of distinct complexity was carried out. Inserted into an inverse analysis
framework, a cross-sectional-layer-model (CSLM) was used to evaluate the post-cracking
stress-strain relationship able of reproducing, with the desired accuracy, the force-deflection
relationship recorded in three-point bending tests carried out according to the RILEM
TC 162-TDF recommendations. This relationship was used as the strain softening law of the
fracture mode I crack constitutive law of a smeared crack model based on the strain
decomposition concept, under the framework of the finite element method (FEM). Applying
this model it was verified that the CSLM couldn't define a strain softening law able of
simulating, with the necessary accuracy, the fracture mode I of the SFRC. Using an inverse
analysis and the FEM model, the softening law for the SFRC analysed was evaluated. From
the values obtained for the definition of this law it was concluded that this law cannot be
exclusively dependent on the concept of equivalent flexural tensile strength, as RILEM TC
162-TDF recommends
On-demand hydrogen generation by hydrolysis of sodium borohydride in batch reactors: effect of the buffer pressure
A study was undertaken in order to investigate the potential of hydrogen generation by hydrolysis of sodium borohydride in batch reactors, operating at moderate pressures, in the presence of a reused nickel-ruthenium based catalyst, to feed on-demand a proton exchange membrane fuel cell. The effect of the buffer pressure is explored and hydrogen generation rates are evaluated by changing catalyst amount, operating pressure and successive refuelin
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