BUS LOCATION AND ROUTE SYSTEM USING INTERNET OF THINGS

The fundamental point of undertaking is to plan a remote correspondence based transport position checking framework which is much helpful in operation. It is imperative to diminish traveler holding up time at transport stop, when clean time dining areas are obscure to traveler or traveler new in the city. To conquer the issue of travelers, the transport area and course route framework have the capacity effortlessly recover data about transport. Global positioning system, additionally furnishing clients with the most limited strolling course to closest bus stop.Â

ProSight PTM 2.0: improved protein identification and characterization for top down mass spectrometry

ProSight PTM 2.0 (http://prosightptm2.scs.uiuc.edu) is the next generation of the ProSight PTM web-based system for the identification and characterization of proteins using top down tandem mass spectrometry. It introduces an entirely new data-driven interface, integrated Sequence Gazer for protein characterization, support for fixed modifications, terminal modifications and improved support for multiple precursor ions (multiplexing). Furthermore, it supports data import and export for local analysis and collaboration

Global burden of 288 causes of death and life expectancy decomposition in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations, 1990–2021: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BACKGROUND Regular, detailed reporting on population health by underlying cause of death is fundamental for public health decision making. Cause-specific estimates of mortality and the subsequent effects on life expectancy worldwide are valuable metrics to gauge progress in reducing mortality rates. These estimates are particularly important following large-scale mortality spikes, such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When systematically analysed, mortality rates and life expectancy allow comparisons of the consequences of causes of death globally and over time, providing a nuanced understanding of the effect of these causes on global populations. METHODS The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) 2021 cause-of-death analysis estimated mortality and years of life lost (YLLs) from 288 causes of death by age-sex-location-year in 204 countries and territories and 811 subnational locations for each year from 1990 until 2021. The analysis used 56 604 data sources, including data from vital registration and verbal autopsy as well as surveys, censuses, surveillance systems, and cancer registries, among others. As with previous GBD rounds, cause-specific death rates for most causes were estimated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model-a modelling tool developed for GBD to assess the out-of-sample predictive validity of different statistical models and covariate permutations and combine those results to produce cause-specific mortality estimates-with alternative strategies adapted to model causes with insufficient data, substantial changes in reporting over the study period, or unusual epidemiology. YLLs were computed as the product of the number of deaths for each cause-age-sex-location-year and the standard life expectancy at each age. As part of the modelling process, uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated using the 2·5th and 97·5th percentiles from a 1000-draw distribution for each metric. We decomposed life expectancy by cause of death, location, and year to show cause-specific effects on life expectancy from 1990 to 2021. We also used the coefficient of variation and the fraction of population affected by 90% of deaths to highlight concentrations of mortality. Findings are reported in counts and age-standardised rates. Methodological improvements for cause-of-death estimates in GBD 2021 include the expansion of under-5-years age group to include four new age groups, enhanced methods to account for stochastic variation of sparse data, and the inclusion of COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality-which includes excess mortality associated with the pandemic, excluding COVID-19, lower respiratory infections, measles, malaria, and pertussis. For this analysis, 199 new country-years of vital registration cause-of-death data, 5 country-years of surveillance data, 21 country-years of verbal autopsy data, and 94 country-years of other data types were added to those used in previous GBD rounds. FINDINGS The leading causes of age-standardised deaths globally were the same in 2019 as they were in 1990; in descending order, these were, ischaemic heart disease, stroke, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and lower respiratory infections. In 2021, however, COVID-19 replaced stroke as the second-leading age-standardised cause of death, with 94·0 deaths (95% UI 89·2-100·0) per 100 000 population. The COVID-19 pandemic shifted the rankings of the leading five causes, lowering stroke to the third-leading and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease to the fourth-leading position. In 2021, the highest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 occurred in sub-Saharan Africa (271·0 deaths [250·1-290·7] per 100 000 population) and Latin America and the Caribbean (195·4 deaths [182·1-211·4] per 100 000 population). The lowest age-standardised death rates from COVID-19 were in the high-income super-region (48·1 deaths [47·4-48·8] per 100 000 population) and southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania (23·2 deaths [16·3-37·2] per 100 000 population). Globally, life expectancy steadily improved between 1990 and 2019 for 18 of the 22 investigated causes. Decomposition of global and regional life expectancy showed the positive effect that reductions in deaths from enteric infections, lower respiratory infections, stroke, and neonatal deaths, among others have contributed to improved survival over the study period. However, a net reduction of 1·6 years occurred in global life expectancy between 2019 and 2021, primarily due to increased death rates from COVID-19 and other pandemic-related mortality. Life expectancy was highly variable between super-regions over the study period, with southeast Asia, east Asia, and Oceania gaining 8·3 years (6·7-9·9) overall, while having the smallest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 (0·4 years). The largest reduction in life expectancy due to COVID-19 occurred in Latin America and the Caribbean (3·6 years). Additionally, 53 of the 288 causes of death were highly concentrated in locations with less than 50% of the global population as of 2021, and these causes of death became progressively more concentrated since 1990, when only 44 causes showed this pattern. The concentration phenomenon is discussed heuristically with respect to enteric and lower respiratory infections, malaria, HIV/AIDS, neonatal disorders, tuberculosis, and measles. INTERPRETATION Long-standing gains in life expectancy and reductions in many of the leading causes of death have been disrupted by the COVID-19 pandemic, the adverse effects of which were spread unevenly among populations. Despite the pandemic, there has been continued progress in combatting several notable causes of death, leading to improved global life expectancy over the study period. Each of the seven GBD super-regions showed an overall improvement from 1990 and 2021, obscuring the negative effect in the years of the pandemic. Additionally, our findings regarding regional variation in causes of death driving increases in life expectancy hold clear policy utility. Analyses of shifting mortality trends reveal that several causes, once widespread globally, are now increasingly concentrated geographically. These changes in mortality concentration, alongside further investigation of changing risks, interventions, and relevant policy, present an important opportunity to deepen our understanding of mortality-reduction strategies. Examining patterns in mortality concentration might reveal areas where successful public health interventions have been implemented. Translating these successes to locations where certain causes of death remain entrenched can inform policies that work to improve life expectancy for people everywhere. FUNDING Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation

Photoinduced charge separation in two bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene-based triads: inverted region effect vs distance effect on back electron transfer

Photoinduced electron transfer processes in two bis(phenylethynyl)anthracene (BPEA)-based triads were investigated to identify the dominating factors that lead to long-lived charge-separated (CS) states in BPEA-based donor-acceptor systems. In both systems studied, phenothiazine moieties acted as final donors. Nitrotoluene or pyromellitic diimide units acted as final acceptors. Two possible electron transfer pathways could be identified in these systems. Fluorescence of the BPEA chromophore was highly quenched in both systems due to the photoinduced electron transfer process. Picosecond transient absorption studies suggested that excitation of BPEA leads to electron transfer from 1BPEA∗ to the acceptor followed by a second electron transfer from phenothiazine to the BPEA radical cation. In both systems formation of long-lived CS states was confirmed by nanosecond flash photolysis. A comparison showed that the BPEA-based triads exhibited lower CS state lifetimes compared to the BPEA-phenothiazine dyad. Analysis of the -Δ G° and λ values showed that for both triads -Δ G° ≤ λ, and hence, the inverted region effect cannot operate. Hence, the long lifetime of the final CS state is attributed to the long distance separating the donor and acceptor components in the CS state. This study supports the contention that if the CS state in a dyad is long-lived due to the inverted region effects, the CS state lifetime will decrease if the dyad is converted to a triad

Risk of prostate cancer mortality in men with a history of prior cancer

To describe outcomes of patients with prostate cancer diagnosed after another malignancy and identify factors associated with prostate cancer death in this population, as little is known about the clinical significance of prostate cancer as a subsequent malignancy. We studied 18 225 men diagnosed with prostate cancer after another malignancy from 1973 to 2006. We compared demographic and clinical variables, and the proportion of death from prostate cancer vs prior malignancy with t-test and chi-squared analyses. Fine and Gray's regression was used to consider the effect of treatment on prostate cancer death. We then studied a second cohort of 88 013 men with prostate cancer as a first or second malignancy to describe current diagnostic and treatment patterns. One in seven men died from prostate cancer in our first cohort. More died from prostate cancer following colorectal cancer (16.8% vs 13.7%), melanoma (13.4% vs 7.56%), and oral cancer (19.1% vs 4.04%), but fewer following bladder cancer, kidney cancer, lung cancer, leukaemia and non-Hodgkin's lymphoma (all P < 0.001). Prostate cancer treatment was associated with a nearly 50% lower risk of death when high-grade or high-stage (adjusted hazard ratio 0.55, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.47-0.64). Patients who died from prostate cancer had higher grade and stage disease, and received less treatment than patients who died from prior malignancy. The second cohort showed subsequent prostate cancer had more high-risk disease (36.3% vs 22.2%, P < 0.001) and less prostate cancer treatment (adjusted odds ratio 0.872, 95% CI 0.818-0.930) than primary prostate cancer. Prostate cancer remains a significant cause of mortality when diagnosed as a subsequent cancer. These results suggest prostate cancer treatment should be seriously considered in patients with prior malignancies, especially those with high-grade or locally advanced prostate cancer

Incidence and predictors of prostate cancer death in men with other prior malignancies: An analysis from SEER Database

34 Background: Men with cancer are screened 22% more for prostate cancer (PCa) than men without cancer, yet very little has been published on their prostate cancer outcomes. We aim to describe PCa death and clinical factors associated with dying from PCa in this population. Methods: We studied 22,769 men in the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database diagnosed with PCa as a second cancer from 1973 to 2006. Proportions of PCa death versus primary-cancer death were calculated, stratified by the nine primary cancers with highest incidence among US men and then further stratified by PCa grade and interval between primary and PCa diagnoses. Results: Urinary-bladder (30.4%), colorectal (27.9%) and lung cancer (10.5%) were the most common primary cancers. Overall, 12.4% of men died from PCa. A greater proportion of patients died from PCa than their first cancer with primary melanoma (11.7 vs 6.97%) and oral cavity/pharynx cancer (15.3 vs 6.98%), a similar proportion for colorectal (14.8% vs 13.7%) and kidney/renal pelvis cancer (11.1 vs 12.7%), but a lower proportion for lung (11.3 vs 42.1%) and bladder cancer (10.8 vs 17.4%). When the interval between cancer diagnoses was more than 5 years, PCa was the leading cause of death for five of the nine cancers. Patients who died from PCa compared to those who died from their primary had higher baseline PSA (39.5 vs 16.9 ng/mL, p<0.001), more Gleason 8-10 (36.7 vs 18.2%, p<0.001), more N1/M1 PCa (2.35 vs 0.30%, p<0.001), were older at PCa diagnosis (74.7 vs 71.9 years, p=0.015), and had a longer interval between diagnoses (63.9 vs 28.8 months, p<0.001). Conclusions: PCa remains a significant cause of mortality when diagnosed as a second cancer, especially if the interval from prior cancer is greater than 5 years, suggesting that treatment of aggressive prostate cancer may be reasonable for many patients with prior cancers

Shifting brachytherapy monotherapy case mix toward intermediate-risk prostate cancer

The relative use of brachytherapy (BT) for prostate cancer has declined in recent years. In this setting, we sought to determine whether the case mix of BT monotherapy–treated men has changed over time in terms of risk group composition. The Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results database was used to identify 30,939 patients diagnosed with prostate adenocarcinoma between 2004 and 2011 who received BT monotherapy. The case mix of BT monotherapy patients was calculated by patient risk group and year of diagnosis. Between 2004 and 2011, the use of BT monotherapy declined overall. The relative percentage of men undergoing BT with low-risk disease declined by 4.5%, whereas the relative percentage of patients with intermediate-risk disease increased by 4.7%. Non-white patients and those from poorer counties did not show shifts in the risk group makeup of BT monotherapy patients, whereas white patients and those from wealthier counties did. Although fewer patients with prostate cancer are undergoing BT monotherapy, men with intermediate-risk disease comprised a significantly larger portion of the BT case mix in 2011 compared with 2004. Future research efforts by brachytherapists should be directed toward improving BT technique, optimizing radiation doses, and obtaining long-term followup data for patients with intermediate-risk prostate cancer