Vertical eddy diffusion coefficient from the LANDSAT imagery

Analysis of five stable cases of the smoke plumes that originated in eastern Cabo Frio (22 deg 59'S; 42 deg 02'W), Brazil using LANDSAT imagery is presented for different months and years. From these images the lateral standard deviation (sigma sub y) and the lateral eddy diffusion coefficient (K sub y) are obtained from the formula based on Taylor's theory of diffusion by continuous moment. The rate of kinetic energy dissipation (e) is evaluated from the diffusion parameters sigma sub y and K sub y. Then, the vertical diffusion coefficient (K sub z) is estimated using Weinstock's formulation. These results agree well with the previous experimental values obtained over water surfaces by various workers. Values of e and K sub z show the weaker mixing processes in the marine stable boundary layer. The data sample is apparently to small to include representative active turbulent regions because such regions are so intermittent in time and in space. These results form a data base for use in the development and validation of mesoscale atmospheric diffusion models

A study of atmospheric diffusion from the LANDSAT imagery

LANDSAT multispectral scanner data of the smoke plumes which originated in eastern Cabo Frio, Brazil and crossed over into the Atlantic Ocean, are analyzed to illustrate how high resolution LANDSAT imagery can aid meteorologists in evaluating specific air pollution events. The eleven LANDSAT images selected are for different months and years. The results show that diffusion is governed primarily by water and air temperature differences. With colder water, low level air is very stable and the vertical diffusion is minimal; but water warmer than the air induces vigorous diffusion. The applicability of three empirical methods for determining the horizontal eddy diffusivity coefficient in the Gaussian plume formula was evaluated with the estimated standard deviation of the crosswind distribution of material in the plume from the LANDSAT imagery. The vertical diffusion coefficient in stable conditions is estimated using Weinstock's formulation. These results form a data base for use in the development and validation of meso scale atmospheric diffusion models

Study of atmospheric diffusion using LANDSAT

The parameters of diffusion patterns of atmospheric pollutants under different conditions were investigated for use in the Gaussian model for calculation of pollution concentration. Value for the divergence pattern of concentration distribution along the Y axis were determined using LANDSAT images. Multispectral scanner images of a point source plume having known characteristics, wind and temperature data, and cloud cover and solar elevation data provided by LANDSAT, were analyzed using the 1-100 system for image analysis. These measured values are compared with pollution transport as predicted by the Pasquill-Gifford, Juelich, and Hoegstroem atmospheric models

Recruitment of the Fouling Bivalve, Mytilopsis sallei (Recluz), on Metallic and Nonmetallic Surfaces at Visakhapatnam Harbor, India

In 1967, the dreissinid bivalve, Mytilopsis saUei (Recluz), was first noticed in Indian waters at the Southern Lighter Channel of Visakhapatnam harbor, Andhra Pradesh, India. It is believed that his species was introduced into the Indo-Pacific region from Central America via the Panama Canal and Fiji through ship foulin

Molecular Dynamics Simulations to Probe Effects of Ultra-Short, Very-High Voltage Pulses on Cells

The use of very high electric fields (∼ 100kV/cm or higher) with pulse durations in the nanosecond range (Ultra-short) has been a very recent development in bioelectrics. Traditionally, the electric field effects have mostly been confined to: (a) low field, long-duration pulses, and (b) focused mainly on electroporation studies. Thus, aspects such as possible field-induced DNA damage, calcium release, alterations in neuro-transmitters, or voltage-gating have generally been overlooked. Ultra-short, high-field pulses open the way to targeted and deliberate apoptotic cell killing (e.g., of tumor cells). Though experimental data is very useful, it usually yields information on macroscopic variables that is inherently an average over time and/or space. Measurements often do not provide the molecular level information or details, as might be possible through numerical simulations. Also, the relevance and relative role of underlying physical mechanisms cannot be probed. With developments in computer technology, rapid advances in numerical algorithms for parallel computing, and with increasing computational resources, computer simulations of cellular dynamics and biological phenomena is gaining increasing popularity. A range of simulation methods exist that span the macroscopic continuum approaches (e.g. the Smoluchowski equation), to those based on the semi-classical retarded Langevin and Green\u27s functions, to microscopic-kinetic analyses based on Brownian dynamics or Molecular Dynamics (MD). Here we focus on the MD technique, as it provides the most comprehensive, time-dependent, three-dimensional nanoscale analyses with inclusion of the many-body aspects. This dissertation research presents simulations and analyses of lipid membrane poration and its dynamics, predictions of transport parameters under high-field, non-equilibrium conditions, electric fields effects on DNA, micelle disintegration, protein unfolding and intra-cellular calcium release. The following results have been found as a result of the application of external electric fields on cells: (a) Poration due to the re-orientation of the lipid molecules within the lipid bilayer, (b) Externalization of charged molecules such as Phosphotidyl Serine (PS), (c) Dramatic lowering of permittivity and diffusion coefficient with spatially structured layering of the membrane nanopore, (d) DNA alignment in the direction of electric field and eventual fragmentation, (e) Calcium release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) leading to time-dependent oscillatory waves and (f) Membrane fragmentation upon the application of high external fields

Monte Carlo Analysis of Millimeter-Wave GaN Based Gunn Effect Oscillators

Gunn diodes are one of the most common high frequency solid-state oscillators at the present time, and are considered as promising devices for millimeter and submillimeter wave applications. Monte Carlo studies of Gunn diodes based on bulk wurtzite GaN have been carried out in this thesis research. Two structures have been examined: (i) devices with conventional single notch structure and (ii) repetitive structures with serial segments to fashion a multiple domain device. Wurtzite GaN has been chosen because of the high drift velocity and because analytical expressions for the band structure have recently become available. Performance parameters of interest such as operating frequency, output power and conversion efficiency have been calculated. Variations due to changes in temperature, biasing voltage, and device length are also included. Due to their high frequency and power characteristics, GaN Gunn diodes are used as sources for the generation of millimeter wave signals. It is shown that there is a considerable improvement in output power and operating frequency over the reported results of InP and GaAs. It is also shown that multi-domain Gunn diodes can lead to significant improvements in output power over conventional, single-transit structure, and so such multiple GaN diodes merit serious experimental study

Restoration Data Storage in Multi-cloud Storage Services

Multi-Cloud Storage infers the utilization of various appropriated stockpiling organizations using a singular web interface rather than the defaults given by the circulated stockpiling shippers in a single heterogeneous plan. This Multi-Cloud accumulating model empowers customers to store cut mixed data in various cloud drives. Right now, offers assistance for various appropriated stockpiling organizations using the single interface as opposed to using single circulated stockpiling organizations. Cloud security objective basically focuses on issues that relate to information insurance and security parts of dispersed processing. Likewise, the data in clients' information can be spilled e.g., by methods for malignant insiders, indirect accesses, pay off and pressure. This latest data accumulating organization and data control model focus on vindictive insider's passageway on set aside data, affirmation from malignant archives, removal of united dissemination of data storing and clearing of out of date records or downloaded records once in a while. Data owner doesn't generally need to worry over the destiny of the data set aside in the Multi-Cloud server may be removed or ruined. The other is entrance control of data. The exploratory results exhibit that the suggested show is suitable for essential authority process for the data owners in the better choice of multi-disseminated capacity advantage for sharing their information securely