Influence of essential oils (cinnamaldehyde and garlic oil) on rumen fermentation, feeding 1 behavior and performance of lactating dairy cattle

Two experiments were conducted to study the effects of Next Enhance® 300 (NE300; cinnamaldehyde and garlic oil encapsulated product) on rumen fermentation and milk production of dairy cows. In experiment 1, batch cultures of mixed rumen micro-organisms were used to study the effects of increasing concentrations of NE300 (0, 200, 300, and 400 mg/L) on ruminal fermentation in 24 h in vitro incubations. All tested doses decreased (P < 0.05) methane production, but the dose of 400 mg/L also reduced the production of volatile fatty acid (VFA). The addition of NE300 at 300 mg/L produced the most beneficial effects, reducing methane production, acetate proportion, and ammonia-N concentration, and increasing propionate proportion compared with CON, without affecting total VFA production. These results would indicate a potentially greater supply of energy for the host animal. In experiment 2, sixteen lactating dairy cows (8 rumen-cannulated) participated in a switch-back design with three 4-wk periods and 2 treatments: control (CON, unsupplemented) and NE300 (300 mg NE300/cow/d). Milk yield response was affected by a 3-way interaction among treatment, parity, and days on treatment; after 15 d on treatment, multiparous cows on NE300 produced more milk (approximately additional 3 kg/d) than multiparous cows on CON. Total rumen VFA concentrations tended (P = 0.06) to be greater in NE300 than in CON when rumen fermentation kinetics were evaluated at the end of each period (day 28). It is concluded that NE300 modifies ruminal fermentation resulting in increased milk yield in multiparous lactating dairy cows after 15 d of adaptation

Role of Novel Protein Sources in Sustainably Meeting Future Global Requirements

© 2021 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. Global population growth, increased life expectancy and climate change are all impacting on the world’s food systems. In industrialized countries many individuals are consuming significantly more protein than needed to maintain health, with the majority being obtained from animal products, including meat, dairy, fish and other aquatic animals. Current animal production systems are responsible for a large proportion of land and fresh- water use, and directly contributing to climate change through the production of greenhouse gases. Overall, approximately 60% of the global protein produced is used for animal and fish feed. Concerns about their impact on both human, and planetary health, have led to calls to dramatically curb our consumption of animal products

Limited Access to Food and Physiological Trade-Offs in a Long-Distance Migrant Shorebird. II. Constitutive Immune Function and the Acute-Phase Response

In response to unbalanced energy budgets, animals must allocate resources among competing physiological systems to maximize fitness. Constraints can be imposed on energy availability or energy expenditure, and adjustments can be made via changes in metabolism or trade-offs with competing demands such as body-mass maintenance and immune function. This study investigates changes in constitutive immune function and the acute-phase response in shorebirds (red knots) faced with limited access time to food. We separated birds into two experimental groups receiving either 6 h or 22 h of food access and measured constitutive immune function. After 3 wk, we induced an acute-phase response, and after 1 wk of recovery, we switched the groups to the opposite food treatment and measured constitutive immune function again. We found little effect of food treatment on constitutive immune function, which suggests that even under resource limitation, a baseline level of immune function is maintained. However, birds enduring limited access to food suppressed aspects of the acute-phase response (decreased feeding and mass loss) to maintain energy intake, and they downregulated thermoregulatory adjustments to food treatment to maintain body temperature during simulated infection. Thus, under resource-limited conditions, birds save energy on the most costly aspects of immune defense.</p

2018 MAX-C/ExoMars Mission: The Orleans Mars-Analogue Rock Collection for Instrument Testing

International audienceIn order to reply to the exobiological goals of the 2018 MAX-C/ExoMars mission, the Orléans-OSUC analogue rock collection and database contains well characterised Mars analogue rocks and minerals for use in instrument testing and in situ missions

Changes in nutrient composition and gene expression in growing mealworms (Tenebrio molitor)

Insects are of high interest as a sustainable source of nutrients to be included in the food production system. The larvae of Tenebrio molitor, commonly known as yellow mealworms (MW), have a high protein content, which means potential applications in the animal feed and human food sectors. However, previous reports have shown considerable variability in the nutrient composition of mealworms, which may in part, be due to harvesting at different developmental stages. A better understanding of the regulation of composition during development would potentially facilitate future attempts to manipulate nutrient content, perhaps through gene editing, to maximize commercial value. In the present study, mealworms were harvested at various time points within a 24 day period leading up to the start of pupation. At the earliest time points (between days −24 and −17), a 44% increase in fat content was seen, which was maintained throughout the rest of development. By day −12, protein content fell by 12%, a change that was also maintained. Throughout development there was a change in fatty acid composition, with a shift from oleic acid being the major fatty acid at day −24, to linoleic acid being predominant at later time points. In an attempt to better understand the genetic basis of these changes, an analysis of the transcriptome was undertaken. In the absence of a specific annotated genome for the mealworm, an Affymetrix GeneChip microarray for Drosophila was utilized. The hybridisation of RNA extracted from five developmental stages (larvae and pupae) showed differential gene expression; and some potential orthologs were identified which may be involved in regulating nutrient composition during development. However, we were unable to identify a significant proportion of the most highly regulated genes, highlighting the need for a fully annotated mealworm genome

Reacción en cadena de la polimerasa para la detección del VPH en mucosa bucal

Varias patologías de la mucosa bucal y de los huesos maxilares han sido relacionadas con el Virus Papiloma Humano (VPH). Aquellas conforman un amplio espectro: benignas, potencialmente malignas y malignas. Las más llamativas son las lesiones de estirpe odontogénica. El ameloblastoma es un tumor epitelial odontogénico localmente agresivo de frecuencia relativa de localización maxilar con la posibilidad de ser periférico. El carcinoma a células escamosas es la neoplasia más frecuente de la mucosa bucal. Como el VPH es un virus epiteliotrópico, sus funciones y la síntesis viral de su ADN se realiza a nivel de las células del estrato espinoso. Si bien la vía de contacto con el virus es la transmisión sexual, no puede dejarse de lado la transmisión vertical. Por este motivo existen lesiones pediátricas que se asociaron al virus tanto de bajo como de alto riesgo para la transformación a la malignidad. La técnica de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) sigue demostrando su alta especificidad y sensibilidad para la identificación y sobre todo la genotipificación viral.Facultad de Odontologí

Reacción en cadena de la polimerasa para la detección del VPH en mucosa bucal

Varias patologías de la mucosa bucal y de los huesos maxilares han sido relacionadas con el Virus Papiloma Humano (VPH). Aquellas conforman un amplio espectro: benignas, potencialmente malignas y malignas. Las más llamativas son las lesiones de estirpe odontogénica. El ameloblastoma es un tumor epitelial odontogénico localmente agresivo de frecuencia relativa de localización maxilar con la posibilidad de ser periférico. El carcinoma a células escamosas es la neoplasia más frecuente de la mucosa bucal. Como el VPH es un virus epiteliotrópico, sus funciones y la síntesis viral de su ADN se realiza a nivel de las células del estrato espinoso. Si bien la vía de contacto con el virus es la transmisión sexual, no puede dejarse de lado la transmisión vertical. Por este motivo existen lesiones pediátricas que se asociaron al virus tanto de bajo como de alto riesgo para la transformación a la malignidad. La técnica de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) sigue demostrando su alta especificidad y sensibilidad para la identificación y sobre todo la genotipificación viral.Facultad de Odontologí

Reacción en cadena de la polimerasa para la detección del VPH en mucosa bucal

Varias patologías de la mucosa bucal y de los huesos maxilares han sido relacionadas con el Virus Papiloma Humano (VPH). Aquellas conforman un amplio espectro: benignas, potencialmente malignas y malignas. Las más llamativas son las lesiones de estirpe odontogénica. El ameloblastoma es un tumor epitelial odontogénico localmente agresivo de frecuencia relativa de localización maxilar con la posibilidad de ser periférico. El carcinoma a células escamosas es la neoplasia más frecuente de la mucosa bucal. Como el VPH es un virus epiteliotrópico, sus funciones y la síntesis viral de su ADN se realiza a nivel de las células del estrato espinoso. Si bien la vía de contacto con el virus es la transmisión sexual, no puede dejarse de lado la transmisión vertical. Por este motivo existen lesiones pediátricas que se asociaron al virus tanto de bajo como de alto riesgo para la transformación a la malignidad. La técnica de reacción en cadena de la polimerasa (PCR) sigue demostrando su alta especificidad y sensibilidad para la identificación y sobre todo la genotipificación viral.Facultad de Odontologí

Procediment sonda de gastrostomia endoscòpica percutània (PEG)

Sonda de gastrostomia endoscòpica percutània; PEG; Nutrició enteral; Cures infermeresSonda de gastrostomía endoscópica percutánea; PEG; Nutrición enteral; Cuidados enfermerosPercutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube; PEG; Enteral nutrition; Nursing careAquest document presenta la tècnica de la gastrostomia endoscòpica percutània, adreçada a aquells pacients que no poden deglutir de forma adequada i han de nodrir-se amb nutrició enteral durant un període de temps