Selection Methods in Poultry Breeding: From Genetics to Genomics

Scientific and technological advancements have led to great expansion of poultry sector in last few decades. The development of genetically superior stocks capable of higher production, even under adverse climatic conditions, has transformed poultry from rural farming to full-fledged industry within 30–35 years. Increase in production volume and productivity per bird may largely be attributed to the combined crossbred and purebred selection (CCPS). The superior purebred lines were evaluated for their nicking ability by specialized cross-breeding program, and the best nicking male and female lines were used for developing four-way commercial crosses. With advancement in molecular techniques, the DNA marker technology emerged as a finer tool for assessing the genetic variability. Genome-wide scan using microsatellites led to identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for their use in marker-assisted selection (MAS). Subsequently, the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were discovered as third generation of genetic markers. Recent “next-generation sequencing” technique led to the development of high-density SNP arrays as powerful tool for genetic analysis. Predicting genomic estimate of breeding value (GEBV) of individual using SNPs across the whole genome paved way to conceptualization of “genomic selection” which emerged as the most advanced technology to revolutionize the animal production

The poetry of Swami Vivekananda: An Exploration into the Romanticism

The present research paper focuses on the Romantic traits and tendencies in the poetry of Swami Vivekananda. Swami Vivekananda is the initial signature of poetry on the manuscript of Indian English literature. Generally applauded as the fiery orator in the world, his poetic introduction has almost been unnoticed by the critical pens. He is not a poet who compiles volume after volume but writes when he is overwhelmed by ‘the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings’. His poetry is remarkable for various romantic traits. The portrayal of child, love to humanity, love for love’s sake, freedom, imagery and imagination are the echoes of Romanticism in his poetry.  He reminds us of Wordsworth, Coleridge, Shelley and Keats in his instincts and poetic tendencies. His poems, though countable on the finger-tips, are the sublime poetic pieces of artistic culmination. This paper also focuses on the similarities and dissimarities of his poetry with the great poets of the Romantic era

Emulgel of Rumex hastatus D. Don Methanolic Root Extract with Antifungal Activity: Formulation and Evaluation

This study emphasised on the production of ‘Rumex Hastatus’ D. Don methanolic root extract for antifungal purposes. We performed a variety of physical and chemical analyses. We also executed many phytochemical investigations. Extracts from sequential hot percolation (Soxhlet) were subjected to preliminary phytochemical screening. The objective of this investigation was to formulate and analyze a herbal emulgel with antifungal activity based on Rumex hastatus root extract. "The purpose of this study is to determine the antifungal activity of herbal emulgel formulation using Rumex hastatus root extract" might serve as an appropriate substitute for the original sentence. The extract has antifungal properties and is used in the formulation as an active therapeutic product. The extraction employed methanol, and the yield was found to be 26%. many phytoconstituents were found in the extract, including alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenols, and anthraquinone glycoside. Despite the fact that this is an early examination, the results show that the generated emulgel is effective, and the pure chemical responsible for the effect should be extracted and studied. All of the developed formulations were effective, although formulation F3 showed the most promising outcomes of the four compositions and can be recommended for pilot scale up after constituent isolation

Characterization of Caecum and Crop Microbiota of Indian Indigenous Chicken Targeting Multiple Hypervariable Regions within 16S rRNA gene

<p>Krona charts depicting the abundance and distribution of microbial diversity from phylum to species level through graphical representation</p

Single nucleotide polymorphism mining and nucleotide sequence analysis of Mx1 gene in exonic regions of Japanese quail

Aim: An attempt has been made to study the Myxovirus resistant (Mx1) gene polymorphism in Japanese quail. Materials and Methods: In the present, investigation four fragments viz. Fragment I of 185 bp (Exon 3 region), Fragment II of 148 bp (Exon 5 region), Fragment III of 161 bp (Exon 7 region), and Fragment IV of 176 bp (Exon 13 region) of Mx1 gene were amplified and screened for polymorphism by polymerase chain reaction-single-strand conformation polymorphism technique in 170 Japanese quail birds. Results: Out of the four fragments, one fragment (Fragment II) was found to be polymorphic. Remaining three fragments (Fragment I, III, and IV) were found to be monomorphic which was confirmed by custom sequencing. Overall nucleotide sequence analysis of Mx1 gene of Japanese quail showed 100% homology with common quail and more than 80% homology with reported sequence of chicken breeds. Conclusion: The Mx1 gene is mostly conserved in Japanese quail. There is an urgent need of comprehensive analysis of other regions of Mx1 gene along with its possible association with the traits of economic importance in Japanese quail

<span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family: Mangal;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language: HI" lang="EN-GB">Single nucleotide polymorphism of <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Mangal;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI">SLC11A</span></i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Mangal;mso-ansi-language:EN-IN; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI">1, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal">CARD</i>15, <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">IFNG</i> and <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">TLR</i>2 genes and their association with <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:11.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-family:Mangal;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB;mso-fareast-language:EN-US; mso-bidi-language:HI" lang="EN-GB">Mycobacterium avium </span></i><span style="font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";mso-bidi-font-family:Mangal;mso-ansi-language:EN-GB; mso-fareast-language:EN-US;mso-bidi-language:HI" lang="EN-GB">subspecies <i style="mso-bidi-font-style:normal">paratuberculosis</i> infection in native Indian cattle population</span></span></span>

469-475Johne’s disease (JD) or paratuberculosis infection, caused by Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP), is one of the major production diseases of domestic animals. There is lack of preventive and chemotherapeutic measures to control this infection. Hence, in recent years emphasis has been given to identify host genetic factors associated with resistance to infection. In the present study, we analyzed SNPs in four candidate genes (SLC11A1, TLRs, NOD<span style="mso-ansi-language: EN-IN">2/CARD and IFNγ) in case and control population of native breeds of cattle. Of the four genes only SNP in TLR2 gene showed significant association with resistance to paratuberculosis infection. The results of the present study are promising and it is predicted that such studies will serve as guidelines in future breeding programmes. </span