Differential Effects of High-Carbohydrate and High-Fat Diet Composition on Metabolic Control and Insulin Resistance in Normal Rats

The macronutrient component of diets is critical for metabolic control and insulin action. The aim of this study was to compare the effects of high fat diets (HFDs) vs. high carbohydrate diets (HCDs) on metabolic control and insulin resistance in Wistar rats. Thirty animals divided into five groups (n = 6) were fed: (1) Control diet (CD); (2) High-saturated fat diet (HSFD); (3) High-unsaturated fat diet (HUFD); (4) High-digestible starch diet, (HDSD); and (5) High-resistant starch diet (HRSD) during eight weeks. HFDs and HCDs reduced weight gain in comparison with CD, however no statistical significance was reached. Calorie intake was similar in both HFDs and CD, but rats receiving HCDs showed higher calorie consumption than other groups, (p < 0.01). HRSD showed the lowest levels of serum and hepatic lipids. The HUFD induced the lowest fasting glycemia levels and HOMA-IR values. The HDSD group exhibited the highest insulin resistance and hepatic cholesterol content. In conclusion, HUFD exhibited the most beneficial effects on glycemic control meanwhile HRSD induced the highest reduction on lipid content and did not modify insulin sensitivity. In both groups, HFDs and HCDs, the diet constituents were more important factors than caloric intake for metabolic disturbance and insulin resistance

Estudio comparativo de calidad higiénico-sanitaria, fisicoquímica y microbiológica de leche bovina en el sureste mexicano

Objective. Evaluate the hygienic-sanitary, physicochemical and microbiological quality of bovine milk for sale, produced in a family stable and in three public markets in Tabasco state. Materials and methods. The hygienic-sanitary quality was determined according to general information of the farm, facilities, milking process, cleaning and disinfection. Physicochemical quality was determined by evaluating total proteins, casein, butyric fat, lactose, non-fatty solids and density. Microbiological quality was determined by titratable acidity, alcohol test, somatic cell content, oxide-reduction potential, foreign matter, bacterial inhibitors, and aerobic mesophilic bacteria. Results. The milk produced in the family stable was evaluated with the highest physicochemical and microbiological quality, in reference to the standards evaluated by the official Mexican regulations established in Mexico by the Council for the promotion of the quality of milk and its derivatives, A. C. Instead, milk in three public markets, it was considered as rejection, indicating possible contamination during milking processes, as well as handling and transport to public markets. Conclusions. Milk samples from public markets were considered not suitable for human consumption or for the production of by-products.Objetivo. Evaluar la calidad higiénico-sanitaria, fisicoquímica y microbiológica de leche cruda bovina destinada a la venta, producida en un establo familiar y en tres mercados públicos del estado de Tabasco. Materiales y métodos. La calidad higiénico-sanitaria se determinó de acuerdo con la información general del predio, instalaciones, proceso de ordeño, limpieza y desinfección. La calidad fisicoquímica se determinó evaluando proteínas totales, caseína, grasa butírica, lactosa, sólidos no grasos y densidad. La calidad microbiológica fue determinada mediante la acidez titulable, prueba de alcohol, contenido de células somáticas, potencial de óxido-reducción, materia extraña, inhibidores bacterianos y bacterias mesofílicas aerobias. Resultados. La leche producida en el establo familiar, fue evaluada con la máxima calidad fisicoquímica y microbiológica en referencia a los estándares que evalúa la normatividad oficial mexicana establecidas en México por el Consejo para el fomento de la calidad de la leche y sus derivados, A. C. En cambio, la leche en los tres mercados públicos se consideró de rechazo, indicando posible contaminación durante los procesos de ordeña, así como en el manejo y transporte hacia los mercados públicos. Conclusiones. Las muestras de leche provenientes de los mercados públicos se consideraron no aptas para consumo humano ni para elaboración de subproductos

DNA Methylation of Genes Involved in the HPA Axis in Presence of Suicide Behavior: A Systematic Review

DNA methylation in genes of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) axis has been associated with suicide behavior. Through a systematic review, we aimed to evaluate DNA methylation levels of the genes involved in the HPA pathway and their association with suicide behavior. A search of articles was performed using PubMed and Science Direct, EBSCO. The terms included were “DNA methylation”, “suicide”, “epigenetics”, “HPA axis” and “suicide behavior”. This systematic review was performed by the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Review and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Six studies comprising 743 cases and 761 controls were included in this systematic review. The studies included individuals with suicide ideation, suicide attempts or completed suicide and childhood trauma, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), or depression. One study reported hypermethylation in GR in childhood trauma, while two studies found hypermethylation of NR3C1 in childhood trauma and major depressive disorder (MDD). Only one study reported hypermethylation in BNDF in people with MDD. FKBP5 was found to be hypermethylated in people with MDD. Another study reported hypermethylation in CRHBP. SKA2 was reported to be hypermethylated in one study and another study found hypomethylated both in populations with PTSD. CRHR1 was found to be hypermethylated in people with MDD, and the last study found hypomethylation in CRH. Our result showed that patients with suicidal behavior showed a DNA methylation state of genes of the HPA axis in association with psychiatric comorbidity and with adverse events. Genes of the HPA axis could play a role in suicidal behavior associated with adverse events and pathologies. As a result, DNA methylation levels, proteins, and genes involved in the HPA axis could be considered for the search for biomarkers for the prevention of suicidal behavior in future studies

Estimación puntual de la relación fecundidad-longitud de graptocorixa abdominalis (hemiptera, corixidae) en el estanque piscícola jorge facio, Estado de México, México

Se analiza de manera puntual la relación fecundidad-longitud de Graptocorixa abdominalis en el estanque piscícola Jorge Facio, Estado de México. Se ubicaron tres estaciones de muestreo en la zona litoral del estanque (A, B y C) y en cada una se midió: temperatura del agua, pH, conductividad, oxígeno disuelto, alcalinidad, dureza y turbiedad. Los insectos fueron capturados con una red de cuchara de 50 X 30 cm de marco y barriendo un área de un metro cuadrado. Se analizaron en total 237 hembras: 65 de la estación A, 60 en la estación B y 112 de la estación C. El mayor número de huevecillos se registró en una hembra de 6.94 mm con 64 y el menor número de huevecillos en una hembra de 6.60 mm con un huevecillo. La mayor relación fecundidad-longitud se presentó en la estación C (F=21.803 L-0.032), seguida de la estación B (F=16.284 L0.1097) y la estación A (F=8.2802 L0.2725). La longitud promedio de G. abdominalis fue 7.65 mm y la fecundidad promedio fue 24.3 huevecillos. Se concluye que los parámetros ambientales registrados en éste periodo de trabajo en cada estación de muestreo no presentaron fluctuaciones notables pero su influencia sobre la fecundidad de G. abdominalis fue considerable

Sonochemical Synthesis of Nanostructured Ni-Fe-C System and Its Catalytic Activity Based on Decolorization of Reactive Black 5 Dye

This study investigates the thermal decomposition of acetyl acetonates of Ni(II) and Fe(III) via a sonochemical process at 20 kHz for 50 min. In the absence of magnetic fields the reactions of Ni(II) and Fe(III) acetyl acetonates under ultrasonic treatment produce Ni(OH)2 and FeO(OH) nanoparticles coated with carbon. The synthesized materials with different Ni-Fe stoichiometries, Ni90-Fe10, Ni80-Fe20, and Ni50-Fe50 wt%, were subjected to catalytic activity for dye decolorization of Reactive Black 5 (RB5, 100 mg/L) at room temperature using visible radiation. The correlation between the structural and optoelectronic properties and the catalytic performance of the Ni-Fe system with different stoichiometries is reported

Effects of Non-Nutritive Sweeteners on Energy Intake, Body Weight and Postprandial Glycemia in Healthy and with Altered Glycemic Response Rats

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS) consumption on energy intake, body weight and postprandial glycemia in healthy and with altered glycemic response rats. Animals on normal diet (ND) or high-fat diet (HFD) were divided to receive NNS (sucralose, aspartame, stevia, rebaudioside A) or nutritive sweeteners (glucose, sucrose) for 8 weeks. The NNS were administered at doses equivalent to the human acceptable daily intake (ADI). A test using rapidly digestible starch was performed before and after treatments to estimate glycemic response. No effects of NNS consumption were observed on energy intake or body weight. Sucrose provoked an increased fluid consumption, however, energy intake, and weight gain were not altered. In ND, no effects of NNS on glycemic response were observed. In HFD, the glycemic response was increased after sucralose and stevia when only the final tolerance test was considered, however, after including the baseline test, these results were no longer significant compared to glucose. These findings provide further evidence suggesting that at the recommended doses, NNS do not alter feeding behavior, body weight or glycemic tolerance in healthy and with altered glycemic rats

Resistant Starch Consumption Effects on Glycemic Control and Glycemic Variability in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Crossover Study

We previously observed beneficial effects of native banana starch (NBS) with a high resistant starch (RS) content on glycemic response in lean and obese participants. Here, we aimed to determine the effects of NBS and high-amylose maize starch (HMS) on glycemic control (GC) and glycemic variability (GV) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) when treatments were matched for digestible starch content. In a randomized, crossover study, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) was performed in 17 participants (aged 28–65 years, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, both genders) consuming HMS, NBS, or digestible maize starch (DMS) for 4 days. HMS and NBS induced an increase in 24 h mean blood glucose during days 2 to 4 (p p p = 0.0074). In conclusion, under the experimental conditions, RS from two sources did not improve GC or GV. Future longer studies are needed to determine whether these findings were affected by a different baseline microbiota or other environmental factors

Resistant Starch Consumption Effects on Glycemic Control and Glycemic Variability in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes: A Randomized Crossover Study

We previously observed beneficial effects of native banana starch (NBS) with a high resistant starch (RS) content on glycemic response in lean and obese participants. Here, we aimed to determine the effects of NBS and high-amylose maize starch (HMS) on glycemic control (GC) and glycemic variability (GV) in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D) when treatments were matched for digestible starch content. In a randomized, crossover study, continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) was performed in 17 participants (aged 28–65 years, BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, both genders) consuming HMS, NBS, or digestible maize starch (DMS) for 4 days. HMS and NBS induced an increase in 24 h mean blood glucose during days 2 to 4 (p &lt; 0.05). CONGA, GRADE, and J-index values were higher in HMS compared with DMS only at day 4 (p &lt; 0.05). Yet, NBS intake provoked a reduction in fasting glycemia changes from baseline compared with DMS (p = 0.0074). In conclusion, under the experimental conditions, RS from two sources did not improve GC or GV. Future longer studies are needed to determine whether these findings were affected by a different baseline microbiota or other environmental factors

Atomic-Scale Investigation on the Evolution of Tio2-Anatase Prepared by a Sonochemical Route and Treated with NaOH

To date, the formation mechanisms of TiO2, as well as its heterostructures, have not been clarified. Moreover, detailed research on the transition from a tetragonal anatase phase to the monoclinic phase of the TiO2(B) phase and their interface structure has been quite limited until now. In the present study, we report on the sonochemical synthesis of TiO2-anatase with a crystallite size of 5.2 &plusmn; 1.5 nm under different NaOH concentrations via the hydrothermal method. The use of alkaline solution and the effect of the temperature and reaction time on the formation and structural properties of TiO2-anatase nanopowders were studied. The effects of NaOH concentration on the formation and transformation of titanate structures are subject to thermal effects that stem from the redistribution of energy in the system. These mechanisms could be attributed to three phenomena: (1) the self-assembly of nanofibers and nanosheets, (2) the Ostwald ripening process, and (3) the self-development of hollow TiO2 mesostructures