Digital economy in the Russian Federation: problems and development prospects

The main advantages of the digital economy include the widespread use of the Internet and growth of digital skills, increased innovation and investment activity, expansion of markets for knowledge-intensive services and technologies, diversification of labor and service markets, inclusive development in regions, etc. The digital economy benefits productivity and competition between companies, reduces production costs, increases the number of high-performance jobs, enhances public welfare, and ensures national security. The purpose of the study is to identify the main problems of the digitalization process in Russia, which the Russian society may meet or have already faced during the introduction and use of new technologies and knowledge obtained as a result of the fourth scientific and technological revolution. Active business development in the field of computer information technology and telecommunications, as well as the creation of the necessary economic environment, contributes to an increase in the supply of information, technical and technological products that are associated with the use of computers and computer networks, strengthening the state scientific and technological potential, increase in demand for domestic information products, which are created and used for the production of information and computer technology, increase investment in information and computer sphere, as well as areas of implementation of such technologies in various economic sectors. Digitalization of economy will raise the quality of life for citizens, introduce new jobs, reduce regional disparities, increase labor productivity and corporate profitability, as well as ensure economic growth

First and second order optimality conditions for optimal control problems of state constrained integral equations

This paper deals with optimal control problems of integral equations, with initial-final and running state constraints. The order of a running state constraint is defined in the setting of integral dynamics, and we work here with constraints of arbitrary high orders. First and second-order necessary conditions of optimality are obtained, as well as second-order sufficient conditions

Electrical load forecasting

Some long-term design activities are based on electrical load forecasting. Forecasting errors result in the wrong decisions being made in the future. At present there are three widely used methods of forecasting: the method based on enlarged specific indexes (ESI), the econometric method and the self-sufficient method. All of these methods have their own disadvantages and errors in estimation. The main reasons for errors in areas such as objective reasoning, changes in production technology, the lack of reliable long-term forecasting for economy development and consumer infraction of load schedule are determined in this paper and an objective estimation for the forecasted error of different spheres of application is made. This work aims to determine a sphere of application for each of these methods and to develop a principal of combined application, so that they may decrease forecasting error. The purpose of this work consists of the creation of an electrical load forecasting method to obtain more reliable data for the different time periods and territory. A new method is presented, based on calculations carried out. Recommendations for all existing methods are given with reference to the calculations and the way that the combined application of several methods was introduced to increase the reliability of a forecast. © 2014 WIT Press.International Journal of Safety and Security Engineering;International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning;WIT Transactions on Ecology and the Environmen

Administrative Offense Proceedings and Pre-Trial Dispute Resolution in the BRICS Countries

This article offers a comparative analysis of the particularities of the implementation of proceedings in cases of administrative offenses and pre-trial dispute resolution in the BRICS member states. The article observes that in the BRICS countries, the issues of pre-trial dispute settlement are resolved using the same mechanisms: negotiation and conciliation procedures, including mediation. The implementation of these mechanisms is possible by the parties to the dispute themselves, with the participation of third parties such as proxies or legal representatives who may be interested in carrying out the procedures, and with the services of independent, professional mediators. The article draws attention to the fact that the Federative Republic of Brazil, the Russian Federation, the Republic of India, the People’s Republic of China and the Republic of South Africa belong to different legal families, which undoubtedly is a feature of the legal regulation of their administrative offense proceedings as well as of their pre-trial dispute resolution. The article finds that Roman law largely influenced all of the BRICS countries, with the exception of India, whose legal system was formed under the influence of English law, and that the versatility of legal regulation does not allow one to speak fully about the balance of administrative legislation in the studied areas. Furthermore, it is characteristic of all of the BRICS countries that administrative punishment cannot be aimed at humiliating the human dignity of a natural person, causing him or her physical suffering, nor can it be aimed at damaging the business reputation of a legal person. The similarity of the tasks of the administrative legislation of the BRICS countries is noted, which should include the protection of the subjective rights and interests of citizens, ensuring the rule of law, the protection of public order and public safety, and the prevention of administrative offenses. Through the discourse presented by the authors, the concept of an administrative offense is revealed; the acts regulating the proceedings in cases of administrative offenses are considered, as well as the tasks and principles established by national legislation in this direction. Furthermore, the similarities and differences in the legal regulation of proceedings in cases of administrative offenses and pre-trial settlement of disputes are revealed

Mapping The Potential EU-EAEU Cooperation Agenda:readmission agreements, visa-free regime, labour migration, mobility of pensions, large-scale educational exchanges, recognition of professional diplomas and certificates

This paper deals with a potential long-term cooperation agenda of the European Union and the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) on the movement of people. The paper provides a brief technical background on five various issues. It argues for the visa-free regime; advancing large-scale academic exchanges; introducing the mobility of trans-border pensions between two integration blocs; and partial recognition of professional certificates and diplomas. At the same time, authors argue against prematurely raising the issue of the labour migration in the EU-EAEU context

Naturally derived nano- and micro-drug delivery vehicles: halloysite, vaterite and nanocellulose

Recent advances in drug delivery and controlled release had a great impact on bioscience, medicine and tissue engineering. Consequently, a variety of advanced drug delivery vehicles either have already reached the market or are approaching the phase of commercial production. Progressive growth of the drug delivery market has led to the necessity to earnestly concern about economically viable, up-scalable and sustainable technologies for a large-scale production of drug delivery carriers. We have identified three attractive natural sources of drug carriers: aluminosilicate clays, minerals of calcium carbonate, and cellulose. Three classes of drug delivery carriers derived from these natural materials are halloysite nanotubes, vaterite crystals and nanocellulose. These carriers can be produced using “green” technologies from some of the most abundant sources on the Earth and have extremely high potential to meet all criteria applied for the manufacture of modern delivery carriers. We provide an up-to-date snapshot of these drug delivery vehicles towards their use for bioapplications, in particular for drug delivery and tissue engineering. The following research topics are addressed: (i) the availability, sources and methodologies used for production of these drug delivery vehicles, (ii) the drug loading and release mechanisms of these delivery vehicles, (iii) in vitro, in vivo, and clinical studies on these vehicles, and (iv) employment of these vehicles for tissue engineering. Finally, the prospects for vehicles’ further development and industrialisation are critically assessed, highlighting most attractive future research directions such as the design of third generation active biomaterials

Mjerenje linearne polarizacije realnih fotona

A survey of known methods of analyzing linear polarization of high-energy photons is presented. The methods of pair photoproduction in single crystals and in amorphous targets are briefly discussed. The method of measurement of photon linear polarization using azimuthal asymmetry of the recoil electrons from pair photoproduction on electron (triplet photoproduction process) is considered in details. The optimum region of kinematic parameters of emitted particles in which analyzing power increases is discussed. Possibility of using CLAS for the measurement of linear photon polarization by analyzing the recoil-electron distribution in triplet photoproduction process (when shielding magnet is turned off) is considered.Daje se pregled poznatih metoda za određivanje linearne polarizacije visokoenergijskih fotona. Raspravlja se kratko tvorba parova u monokristalima i amorfnim metama. Podrobno se razmatra metoda mjerenja polarizacije određivanjem azimutalne asimetrije elektrona od fototvorbe na elektronima (trojna fototvorba). Raspravlja se najpovoljnije područje kinematičkih parametara izlaznih čestica. Izlaže se mogćcnost primjene CLASa za određivanje linearne polarizacije fotona mjerenjem raspodjele odbijenih elektrona iz trojnog fototvorbenog procesa (za vrijeme mjerenja CLASov magnet bi se isključio)

DEPRESSION AND CARDIAC DISEASES (REVIEW OF LITERATURE)

The article deals with the important problem in the field of consultative psychiatry - comorbid depressive disorders in patients with cardiovascular diseases. Depression is highly prevalent in cardiac patients. Between 31-45 % of patients with coronary artery disease suffer from clinically significant depressive symptoms. Furthermore, 20 % of patients with coronary heart disease meet criteria for the major depressive disorder. Patients with heartfailure, atrial fibrillation and ones undergoing implantable cardioverter-defibrillator placement are similarly at increased risk for elevated depressive symptoms and for major depressive disorder. In patients with heart diseases, depression is chronic, persistent, and associated with worse health-related quality of life, recurrent cardiac events, and mortality. At present, pharmacologic and psychotherapeutic interventions appear to be safe and effective at reducing depressive symptoms in patients with cardiovascular diseases and may impact cardiac outcomes. Despite this, depression remains under-recognized and undertreated in patients at risk for or living with cardiovascular diseases. In this review, we summarize the evidence linking depression to increased risk of cardiovascular diseases and worse patient outcomes. The paper presents a review of the literature on epidemiology, comorbid conditions, and risk factors for depression in heart diseases. Future studies in this direction with involvement of cardiologists and psychiatrists should be held

Cross-relaxation and phonon bottleneck effects on magnetization dynamics in LiYF4:Ho3+

Frequency and dc magnetic field dependences of dynamic susceptibility in diluted paramagnets LiYF$_4$:Ho$^{3+}$ have been measured at liquid helium temperatures in the ac and dc magnetic fields parallel to the symmetry axis of a tetragonal crystal lattice. Experimental data are analyzed in the framework of microscopic theory of relaxation rates in the manifold of 24 electron-nuclear sublevels of the lowest non-Kramers doublet and the first excited singlet in the Ho$^{3+}$ ground multiplet $^5I_8$ split by the crystal field of S$_4$ symmetry. The one-phonon transition probabilities were computed using electron-phonon coupling constants calculated in the framework of exchange charge model and were checked by optical piezospectroscopic measurements. The specific features observed in field dependences of the in- and out-of-phase susceptibilities (humps and dips, respectively) at the crossings (anti-crossings) of the electron-nuclear sublevels are well reproduced by simulations when the phonon bottleneck effect and the cross-spin relaxation are taken into account