The Overview of Avionics Full-Duplex Switched Ethernet

This paper deals about basic preface about superior avionic system AFDX. Avionics Signalling and communication in avionics have been significant topics ever since electronic devices were first used in aerospace systems. To deal with the challenges introduced by the extensive use of general purpose computing in marketable avionics, standards like ARINC 419 and later on 429 were available and adopted by the trade. AFDX combines confirmed safety and accessibility functionality with recent Ethernet technology to be able to handle todayrsquo;s needs. These papers outlines two of the most fundamental avionics network architectures and aims at depicting the development of networking concepts and wants over the course of the past 30 years. It mainly focuses on ARINC 429 and AFDX, the most important current and past standards, but also covers two other attractive past protocols

An Experimental Study of Variable Compression Ratio Engine Using Diesel Blend - A Computing Approach

Increase in the scarcity of the fossil fuels, prices and global warming have generated an interest in developing alternate fuel for engine. Technologies now focusing on development of plant based fuel, plant oils and plant fats as alternative fuel. The present work deals with finding the better compression ratio for the honne oil diesel blend fueled C.I engine at variable load and constant speed operation. In order to find out optimum compression ratio, experiments are carried out on a single cylinder four stroke variable compression ratio diesel engine. Engine performance tests are carried out at different compression ratio values. The optimum compression ratio that gives better engine performance is found from the experimental results. Using experimental data Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model was developed and the values were predicted using ANN. Finally the predicted values were validated with the experimentally

Comparison of Internal Jugular Vein Cannulation in Neutral Head Position Versus Classical Central Approach

INTRODUCTION: Central venous access is an integral part of patient management in many clinical settings. Percutaneous central venous cannulation is now common during perioperative care of major surgical patients, in intensive care monitoring, for long term hyperalimentation, for infusion of vasoactive drugs and also for rapid restoration of blood volume in case of unexpected acute blood loss. Central venous access can be achieved through the internal jugular vein (IJV), subclavian vein, femoral vein or using peripherally inserted central catheters. The actual site chosen in a particular patient depends on the indication, individual institutional and operator experiences. Advantages of IJV cannulation relate to its consistent, predictable anatomic location and low rate of major complications. The right internal jugular vein (IJV) has a direct path to Right atrium (RA), most reliably reflects the CVP and is associated with fewest catheter tip malposition. The standard conventional technique for placing central venous catheters in the IJV is by using anatomical landmarks. Rates of major and minor complications can be as high as 10%1. The rates, risks and the consequences of complications vary according to patient groups, neck abnormalities, and history of previous cannulation at the same site, experience of the operator, the presence of atypical vascular anatomy, the blood coagulability of the patient, the hydration status of the patient, awake or ventilated patients, elective or emergency cannulation. Standard approaches to internal jugular vein catheterization include the anterior, central and posterior routes 2. All of these techniques are described with the head either turned or significantly extended in order to improve anatomical positioning and access. In trauma patients with unstable neck injuries following traditional approaches for the placement of ijv catheter poses additional neurological injuries during the procedure. Furthermore placing the patient in Trendelenberg position (150 head tilt downwards) increases the intracranial pressure (ICP) which is detrimental to neurosurgical patients and patients with head injury. To circumvent these problems IJV can be cannulated with the head held in neutral position, using simple bony and cartilagenous landmarks3. This method will be useful particularly in those with suspected cervical spine injuries and where central venous cannulation is most easily obtained via the internal jugular vein. AIM OF THE STUDY: The aim of this study is to assess the ease of placement of internal jugular venous catheter in neutral head position, and to compare the success rate, failure rate and the complication rate of this technique with that of classical central approach. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was conducted in the cardiothoracic operation theatre of Government General Hospital, between May to August 2006. All the sixty six patients participated in the study were posted for elective major cardiac surgery. The study was done after getting the institutional approval and written informed consent obtained from all the patients included in the study. The study was done in a prospective randomized manner. Sixty six patients of either sex posted for major elective cardiac surgeries satisfying the selection criteria was randomly allocated into two groups. Group C: Patients in this group underwent IJV cannulation by classical central approach. Group N: Patients in this group underwent IJV cannulation with their head held in neutral position. Materials used Standard triple lumen catheter kit (Biosensors international) include a 7-Frech (Fr) triple lumen catheter with 20 cm of usable length, a 0.032 inch diameter guide wire with straight and J tip, 18 gauge thin wall needle, a 7 Fr. Vessel dilator, a 22 gauge finger needle, appropriate syringes and suture material. Selection of cases: Inclusion criteria: 1. Age 12 to70 years. 2. Elective IJV cannulation. Exclusion criteria: 1. Coagulopathy, 2. Neck deformities, 3. Local sepsis, 4. Recent IJV cannulation, 5. Emergency cannulation, 6. SVC syndrome, 7. Presence of carotid disease, 8. Pre anaesthetic evaluation. STATISTICAL METHODS: Study material A total of 33 cases each was randomly allocated to one of the following two groups of study viz. Group N – Neutral Head and Group C – Classical Head. Statistical Methods: The descriptive statistics of the variables studied are represented as two-way tables. The categorical factors are represented by the number and frequency (%) of cases. The continuous variables are represented by measures of central frequency (like mean, median & mode) and deviation (say, standard deviation and range). The differences in the proportions are tested for statistical significance using non-parametric Chi-square test for variables measured on nominal scale. Fisher’s exact probability test is used to find out the statistical significance when the number of cases is nil or wherever indicated. For variables measured on a continuous scale, Student “t” test is employed to elicit the statistical significance of differences of the means of a single variable in two groups. SUMMARY: In this study an alternative approach was used to cannulate internal jugular vein where the head and neck were kept in neutral position. Venous puncture is made along an axial line drawn superiorly from the lateral edge of the bony depression at the insertion of the sternocleidomastoid on the superior edge of the clavicle. This line at the level of cricoid cartilage directly overlies the internal jugular vein. In this study of sixty six patients, the neutral head position technique was compared with that of classical central approach in terms of following parameters; • The mean number of attempts with the finder needle (22 gauge) to locate the IJV in group N (neutral head) was 1.33 (0.2) per patient while in Group C (central approach) it was 1.24 (0.1) per patient. • The percentage of success at first attempt in group N was 78.1% while in Group C it was 84.8%. • The mean depth at which IJV was punctured from the skin margin in Group N was3.07cm while in group C it was 3.06cm. • The mean number of attempts with the cannulating needle (18-gauge) to locate the IJV was 1.03(0.07) per patient in both the groups. • Guide wire insertion was found to be difficult in 9.7% of patients in group N and 3.1% of patients in group C. • Failure in locating the IJV in group N was 3% (1/33) while no such failure happened in group C patients. • Failure in cannulating the IJV in group N was 6.1% and in group C it was 3%. • The incidence of carotid artery puncture in group N was 6.1% while in Group C it was 9.1%. • The incidence of hematoma in group N was 6.1% while in group C it was 3.1%. The difference of results between the two groups did not show any statistical significance. CONCLUSION: From this study it is concluded that cannulating the internal jugular vein with the head in neutral position is a safe and reliable alternative technique that can be followed in situations where the head should not be extended or rotated as in trauma patients

Delineate Subsurface and Groundwater Investigation of Ongur Watershed, South India

The electrical resistivity technique is extremely supportive to investigate the nature of subsurface lithology by understand the variations in their electrical properties. The Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) technique by Schlumberger electrode array applied in 77 Locations at Ongur River Sub Basin in Tamil Nadu, India. The Signal stacking Resistivity Meter Model SSR-MP-ATS has been applied to gather the VES data by employed a Schlumberger array, one end current electrode (AB/2) ranging from 1 to 100 m, other side placing potential electrode (MN) from 0.5 to 10 m. The concept of the VES data interpreting is the foundation of IPI2Win. It means for a VES data are treated as a unity representing the geological structure of the Ongur River watershed. The output Geo-electrical layers, iso- resistivities and thickness of this area were prepared in spatial maps by using ARCGIS software. Consequently, the following zones with different resistivity values are detected consequent to different formations: (1) identification of lithology Ongur River Sub Basin, (2) layer saturated with fresh groundwater, (3) determine saltwater horizon

Lymphangioleiomyomatosis: a rare cause of breathlessness

A 24-year-old female presented with complaints of cough with scanty expectoration, breathlessness on exertion and chest pain for the last three years. These symptoms had appeared during the 12th week of her third pregnancy. She was given anti-tuberculosis treatment at another hospital for nine months without any improvement in symptoms. Four years ago she had been diagnosed to have leprosy of borderline variety for which she had received treatment. On examination, she was tachypnoeic with a respiratory rate of 33 breaths per minute. She had clubbing and small, discrete and firm lymph nodes in the anterior cervical region. Chest examination revealed wheezing with bibasilar end-inspiratory crepitations

Embedded Based Smart ICU-For Intelligent Patient Monitoring

Smart ICUs are networks of audio-visual communication and computer systems that link critical care doctors and nurses (intensivists) to intensive care units (ICUs) in other, remote hospitals. The intensivists in the “command center” can communicate by voice with the remote ICU personnel and can receive video communication and clinical data about the patients. Direct patient care is provided by the doctors and nurses in the remote ICU who do not have to be intensivists themselves. In recent years there has been an increase in the number of patients needing ICU care without a corresponding increase in the supply of intensivists. Smart ICUs can be a valuable resource for hospitals faced with the need to expand capacity and improve care for a growing elderly population. Evidence from some early-adopter hospitals indicates that it can leverage management of patient care by intensivists, reduce mortality rates, and reduce LOS. However, positive outcomes appear to depend on the organizational environment into which the Smart ICU is introduced. The dramatic improvements in mortality and LOS reported by some early-adopter hospitals have not been matched in most. The limited research available suggests that the best outcomes may occur in ICUs that: Can make organizational arrangements to support the management of patient care by intensivists using Smart ICU; Have little or no intensivist staff available to them in the absence of Smart ICU; Have relatively high severity-adjusted mortality and LOS rates; Are located in remote or rural areas where safe and efficient transfer of patients to regional centers for advanced critical care presents difficulties. Smart ICU connects a central command center staffed by intensivists with patients in distant ICUs. Continuous, real-time audio, video, and electronic reports of vital signs connect the command center to the patients’ bedsides. Computer-managed decision support systems track each patient’s status and give alerts when negative trends are detected and when changes in treatment patterns are scheduled. The patient data include physiological status (e.g., ECG and blood oxygenation), treatment (e.g., the infusion rate for a specific medicine or the settings on a respirator), and medical records.

Groundwater quality evaluation and its suitability for domestic and irrigation use in the hard rock terrain of Olakkur block, Tamilnadu, India

Ground water is the main source of water for agriculture and domestic use in the study area. This study was aimed to evaluate the groundwater quality for domestic and irrigational purposes. Groundwater samples were collected from twenty five locations in both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon months and examined for various physico-chemical parameters such as pH, total dissolved solids, total hardness, calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium, bicarbonate, sulphate, Nitrate and chloride. To assess the domestic suitability of groundwater, all these parameters were compared with the standards of World Health Organization and Indian standards. Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and US salinity diagram were used to evaluate the groundwater for irrigation suitability. At some locations sodium and potassium values were higher than the prescribed limits. The SAR values were less than 10. Based on United States Salinity Laboratory Staff (USSL) diagram the dominant categories were C2-S1, C3-S1, C2-S1, C3-S1, C3-S2 in both pre and post-monsoon. Groundwater samples were classified as Na-HCO3 and Na-Cl water type in pre-monsoon and Ca-Na-HCO3 and Na-Cl types in post-monsoon. The geochemical analysis revealed that the groundwater samples were fit for domestic purpose. The irrigation quality assessment based on Sodium Adsorption ratio and US Salinity diagram suggested that, most of the groundwater samples were fit for irrigational activities except in certain locations where sodium and salinity values were high. Based on Piper water classification, mixing process and evaporation were the dominant geochemical process in the study area

ORFanID: A Web-Based Search Engine for the Discovery and Identification of Orphan and Taxonomically Restricted Genes

With the multiplicity of genomes sequenced today, it has been shown that significant percentages of genes in any given taxon do not possess orthologous sequences in other taxa. These sequences are typically designated as orphans/ORFans when found as singletons in one species only or taxonomically restricted genes (TRGs) when found at higher taxonomic ranks. Quantitative and collective studies of these genes are necessary for understanding their biological origins. Currently, orphan gene identifying software is limited, and those previously available are either not functional, are limited in their database search range, or are very complex algorithmically. Thus, an interested researcher studying orphan genes must harvest their data from many disparate sources. ORFanID is a graphical web-based search engine that efficiently finds both orphan genes and TRGs at all taxonomic levels, from DNA or amino acid sequences in the entire NCBI database cluster and other large bioinformatics repositories. This algorithm allows the easy identification of both orphan genes and TRGs using both nucleotide and protein sequences in any species of interest. ORFanID identifies genes unique to any taxonomic rank, from species to a domain, using standard NCBI systematic classifiers. The software allows for user control of the NCBI database search parameters. The results of the search are provided in a spreadsheet as well as a graphical display. All the tables in the software are sortable by column, and results can be easily filtered with fuzzy search functionality. In addition, the visual presentation is expandable and collapsible by taxonomy