De novo sequencing, assembly, and characterization of Asparagus racemosus transcriptome and analysis of expression profile of genes involved in the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway

Asparagus racemosus is known for its diverse content of secondary metabolites, i.e., saponins, alkaloids, and a wide range of flavonoids. Flavonoids, including phenols and polyphenols, have a significant role in plant physiology and are synthesized in several tissues. Despite the diverse role of flavonoids, genetic information is limited for flavonoid biosynthesis pathways in A. racemosus. The current study explores full-scale functional genomics information of A. racemosus by de novo transcriptome sequencing using Illumina paired-end sequencing technology to elucidate the genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis pathways. The de novo assembly of high-quality paired-end reads resulted in ∼2.3 million high-quality reads with a pooled transcript of 45,647 comprising ∼76 Mb transcriptome with a mean length (bp) of 1,674 and N50 of 1,868bp. Furthermore, the coding sequence (CDS) prediction analysis from 45,647 pooled transcripts resulted in 45,444 CDS with a total length and mean length of 76,398,686 and 1,674, respectively. The Gene Ontology (GO) analysis resulted in a high number of CDSs assigned to 25,342 GO terms, which grouped the predicted CDS into three main domains, i.e., Biological Process (19,550), Molecular Function (19,873), and Cellular Component (14,577). The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway database was used to categorize 6,353 CDS into 25 distinct biological pathway categories, in which the majority of mapped CDS were shown to be related to translation (645), followed by signal transduction (532), carbohydrate metabolism (524), folding, sorting, and degradation (522). Among these, only ∼64 and 14 CDSs were found to be involved in the phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis pathways, respectively. Quantitative Real-time PCR was used to check the expression profile of fourteen potential flavonoid biosynthesis pathway genes. The qRT-PCR analysis result matches the transcriptome sequence data validating the Illumina sequence results. Moreover, a large number of genes associated with the flavonoids biosynthesis pathway were found to be upregulated under the induction of methyl jasmonate. The present-day study on transcriptome sequence data of A. racemosus can be utilized for characterizing genes involved in flavonoid biosynthesis pathways and for functional genomics analysis in A. racemosus using the reverse genetics approach (CRISPR/Cas9 technology)

Optimization of chromium and tannic acid bioremediation by Aspergillus niveus using Plackett–Burman design and response surface methodology

Abstract A chromium and tannic acid resistance fungal strain was isolated from tannery effluent, and identified as Aspergillus niveus MCC 1318 based on its rDNA gene sequence. The MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration) of the isolate against chromium and tannic acid was found to be 200 ppm and 5% respectively. Optimization of physiochemical parameters for biosorption of chromium and tannic acid degradation was carried out by Plackett–Burman design followed by response surface methodology (RSM). The maximum chromium removal and tannic acid degradation was found to be 92 and 68% respectively by A. niveus. Chromium removal and tannic acid degradation was increased up to 11 and 6% respectively after optimization. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to investigate biosorption phenomena

Improved antimicrobial property and controlled drug release kinetics of silver sulfadiazine loaded ordered mesoporous silica

The present study deals with the loading of silver sulfadiazine into ordered mesoporous silica material by post-impregnation method and its effect on the in vitro release kinetics and antimicrobial property of the drug. The formulated SBA-15 silica material with rope-like morphology and SBA-15-silver sulfadiazine (SBA-AgSD) were characterized by UV–visible spectrophotometer, small and wide-angle powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), field emission scanning electron microscope (FESEM) and high resolution transmission electron microscope (HRTEM). Thermo-gravimetric analysis of SBA-AgSD revealed a high loading amount of 52.87%. Nitrogen adsorption–desorption analysis confirmed the drug entrapment into host material by revealing a reduced surface area (214 m2/g) and pore diameter (6.7 nm) of the SBA-AgSD. The controlled release of silver sulfadiazine drug from the mesoporous silica to simulated gastric, intestinal and body fluids was evaluated. The Korsmeyer–Peppas model fits the drug release data with the non-Fickian diffusion model and zero order kinetics of SBA-AgSD. The antibacterial performance of the SBA-AgSD was evaluated with respect to Staphylococcus aureus, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The controlled drug delivery of the SBA-AgSD revealed improved antibacterial activity, thus endorsing its applicability in effective wound dressing

De novo sequencing, assembly and characterisation of Aloe vera transcriptome and analysis of expression profiles of genes related to saponin and anthraquinone metabolism

Abstract Background Aloe vera is a perennial, succulent, drought-resistant plant that exhibits many pharmacological characteristics such as wound healing ability against skin burns, anti-ulcer, anti-inflammatory, anti-tumor, anti-viral, anti-hypercholesterolemic, anti-hyperglycemic, anti-asthmatic and much more. Despite great medicinal worth, little genomic information is available on Aloe vera. This study is an initiative to explore the full-scale functional genomics of Aloe vera by generating whole transcriptome sequence database, using Illumina HiSeq technology and its progressive annotation specifically with respect to the metabolic specificity of the plant. Results Transcriptome sequencing of root and leaf tissue of Aloe vera was performed using Illumina paired-end sequencing technology. De novo assembly of high quality paired-end reads, resulted into 1,61,733 and 2,21,792 transcripts with mean length of 709 and 714 nucleotides for root and leaf respectively. The non-redundant transcripts were clustered using CD-HIT-EST, yielding a total of 1,13,063 and 1,41,310 unigenes for root and leaf respectively. A total of 6114 and 6527 CDS for root and leaf tissue were enriched into 24 different biological pathway categories using KEGG pathway database. DGE profile prepared by calculating FPKM values was analyzed for differential expression of specific gene encoding enzymes involved in secondary metabolite biosynthesis. Sixteen putative genes related to saponin, lignin, anthraquinone, and carotenoid biosynthesis were selected for quantitative expression by real-time PCR. DGE as well as qRT PCR expression analysis represented up-regulation of secondary metabolic genes in root as compared to leaf. Furthermore maximum number of genes was found to be up-regulated after the induction of methyl jasmonate, which stipulates the association of secondary metabolite synthesis with the plant’s defense mechanism during stress. Various transcription factors including bHLH, NAC, MYB were identified by searching predicted CDS against PlantTFdb. Conclusions This is the first transcriptome database of Aloe vera and can be potentially utilized to characterize the genes involved in the biosynthesis of important secondary metabolites, metabolic regulation, signal transduction mechanism, understanding function of a particular gene in the biology and physiology of plant of this species as well as other species of Aloe genus

A combined approach using RAPD, ISSR and bioactive compound for the assessment of genetic diversity in <i>Aloe vera</i> (L.) Burm.f.

538-549Aloe vera (L.) Burm.f.is an important medicinal plant valued all over the world for its pharmacological importance. Despite limited knowledge of the levels of genetic diversity and relatedness, their cultivation as a source of valuable secondary metabolites is widespread. In order to facilitate reasoned scientific decisions on its conservation and for selective breeding programme, aloin content and genetic diversity analysis of 55 genotypes were performed. Aloin content in the leaves of 55 genotypes varied from 3.29 to 276.76 mg/g of dry wt. Twenty six RAPD and fourteen ISSR primers amplified a total of 236 and 111 scorable bands, of which 86.44 and 72.07% were polymorphic, respectively. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) indicated high genetic variation among genotypes. Genetic variation among genotypes grouped into low, intermediate and high aloin content was negligible, 5.4% (RAPD) and 4.08% (ISSR). The dendrogram obtained from Neighbor-joining and STRUCTURE analysis revealed splitting of genotypes into four clusters with no clear distinction between low, intermediate and high aloin content genotypes. Results showed that genetic variability, using RAPD and ISSR, was not associated with aloin content. However, both the markers revealed high genetic variation among genotypes, which is important in the conservation and exploitation of A. vera genetic resources

Not Available

Not AvailableThe present study is focused on functionalisation of mesoporous silica (or SBA-15) to control azathioprine drug release rate and its toxic effect. The mesoporous silica was functionalised by (γ-chloropropyl)triethoxysilicane and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane (APTES) via hydrothermal process. The azathioprine was loaded into SBA-15 via post impregnation method. Azathioprine-loaded pristine and functionalised SBA-15 samples were characterised using UV–visible spectrophotometry and thermogravimetric analysis to measure the drug loading efficiency. The samples were also characterised by small and wide-angle powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscope, transmission electron microscope, infrared spectroscopy and nitrogen adsorption/desorption analysis to study the structure, morphology, functionalisation and drug loading in detail. The maximum drug loading efficiency of 65(±1)% was achieved. In vitro azathioprine release profiles were studied in phosphate buffered saline (pH 7.4) and results suggested that the drug release amount could be controlled by functionalisation of carrier matrix SBA-15. Azathioprine-loaded APTES-functionalised material revealed lowest release amount of ~64.5% in 60 h. The toxicity of azathioprine was significantly reduced by loading the drug into the mesoporous pristine and functionalised silica. The controlled azathioprine release reduced its repeated administration and can reduce its toxicity and side effects. These outcomes recommend that the functionalised SBA-15 is an advantageous drug carrier for achieving extended release time.Not Availabl

MOESM1 of Optimization of chromium and tannic acid bioremediation by Aspergillus niveus using Plackett–Burman design and response surface methodology

Additional file 1. Additional tables and figures

Evaluation of genetic divergence and phylogenetic relationship using sequence-tagged microsatellite (STMS) sequences in Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes

The current investigation was carried out to analyse the genetic diversity estimates between 125 chickpea genotypes using sequence-tagged microsatellite (STMS) markers. Thirty one STMS primers generated a total of 153 loci (an average of 4.94 loci per primer) out of which 129 loci were found to be polymorphic and 24 loci were monomorphic. The value of PIC varied from 0.128 to 0.783 while the resolving power varied from 0.912 to 4.768. The UPGMA generated dendrogram showed the grouping of all the 125 chickpea cultivars into two major clusters and one small cluster. An unbiased clustering of genotypes based on STRUCTURE program, without prior knowledge about the populations, clustered all the 125 genotypes into three major groups. Percentage of polymorphic loci using POPGENE analysis was 50.98, 58.82 and 96.73 for susceptible, resistant and miscellaneous genotypes, respectively. Genetic diversity analysis in terms of Shannon’s index and Nei’s gene diversity for resistant, susceptible, and miscellaneous cultivars revealed higher values for miscellaneous cultivars, indicating more variability among these cultivars in comparison to resistant and susceptible cultivars. AMOVA results among groups and among cultivars were 10 and 90%, respectively, while the estimated gene flow was 6.117. The overall Nei’s gene diversity (0.238) and Shannon’s information index (0.372) indicated high degree of genetic polymorphism revealed by the STMS molecular markers. So, genetic divergence in chickpea can provide useful indications in understanding species relationships and may help in developing effective breeding programs.Keywords: Cicer arietinum, genetic polymorphism, molecular markers, analysis of molecular variance, gene flow

Analytical profiling of mutations in quinolone resistance determining region of <i>gyrA</i> gene among UPEC

<div><p>Mutations in <i>gyrA</i> are the primary cause of quinolone resistance encountered in gram-negative clinical isolates. The prospect of this work was to analyze the role of <i>gyrA</i> mutations in eliciting high quinolone resistance in uropathogenic <i>E</i>.<i>coli</i> (UPEC) through molecular docking studies. Quinolone susceptibility testing of 18 <i>E</i>.<i>coli</i> strains isolated from UTI patients revealed unusually high resistance level to all the quinolones used; especially norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin. The QRDR of <i>gyrA</i> was amplified and sequenced. Mutations identified in <i>gyrA</i> of <i>E</i>.<i>coli</i> included Ser83Leu, Asp87Asn and Ala93Gly/Glu. Contrasting previous reports, we found Ser83Leu substitution in sensitive strains. Strains with S83L, D87N and A93E (A15 and A26) demonstrated norfloxacin MICs ≥1024mg/L which could be proof that Asp87Asn is necessary for resistance phenotype. Resistance to levofloxacin was comparatively lower in all the isolates. Docking of 4 quinolones (ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin and norfloxacin) to normal and mutated <i>E</i>.<i>coli</i> gyrase A protein demonstrated lower binding energies for the latter, with significant displacement of norfloxacin in the mutated GyrA complex and least displacement in case of levofloxacin.</p></div

L'Avenir de Luchon : journal scientifique, littéraire, annonces et réclames : guide général des baigneurs et des touristes aux eaux thermales, bains de mer de la France et de l'étranger

14 février 19261926/02/14 (N279)-1926/02/14.Appartient à l’ensemble documentaire : MidiPyren