Guided Reading: Its Effects on Reading Achievement and Attitudes

This study was designed to analyze the effect of guided reading on second graders reading achievement. This study also examined the effect guided reading had on students\u27 attitude towards reading. The subjects included forty-two second graders from a rural school in western New York. There were two second grade classes who participated in the study. The experimental group received guided reading. The control group did not. The researcher used Running Reading Records as the tool to determine the students\u27 reading level. The students Running Reading Records were taken at the beginning of the study and again at the end of the study. The researcher analyzed and compared the Running Reading Records of the Traditional Group and the Guided Reading Group. A reading attitude survey was also given to all the students. The survey was given as a means to measure how each student felt about reading. Results were broken down into two categories; Achievement and Attitude. There was a favorable gain in students\u27 reading achievement. There was not a major difference in the attitudes between the Traditional or Guided Reading Group

Dynamics of Ice Nucleation on Water Repellent Surfaces

Prevention of ice accretion and adhesion on surfaces is relevant to many applications, leading to improved operation safety, increased energy efficiency, and cost reduction. Development of passive nonicing coatings is highly desirable, since current antiicing strategies are energy and cost intensive. Superhydrophobicity has been proposed as a lead passive nonicing strategy, yet the exact mechanism of delayed icing on these surfaces is not clearly understood. In this work, we present an in-depth analysis of ice formation dynamics upon water droplet impact on surfaces with different wettabilities. We experimentally demonstrate that ice nucleation under low-humidity conditions can be delayed through control of surface chemistry and texture. Combining infrared (IR) thermometry and high-speed photography, we observe that the reduction of water-surface contact area on superhydrophobic surfaces plays a dual role in delaying nucleation: first by reducing heat transfer and second by reducing the probability of heterogeneous nucleation at the water-substrate interface. This work also includes an analysis (based on classical nucleation theory) to estimate various homogeneous and heterogeneous nucleation rates in icing situations. The key finding is that ice nucleation delay on superhydrophobic surfaces is more prominent at moderate degrees of supercooling, while closer to the homogeneous nucleation temperature, bulk and air-water interface nucleation effects become equally important. The study presented here offers a comprehensive perspective on the efficacy of textured surfaces for nonicing applications